Pull. 27. III. 1930. 
EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goltz. 
137 
quite absent ( = tristis Gr.-Grsh.) (9a), or else only faintly indicated forming a continuous row of white spots tristis. 
and finally developing to a continuous band from inner margin almost to anal angle, in which the size of 
the marginal spots does not by any means run parallel with the expansion of the band. Here also there 
are all kinds of variations and transitions from one and the same locality. I should therefore like to 
subscribe to the opinion which Eiffinger shares with Alppieraky and Wagner that the name-form and 
laeta are not different local races, but are aberrative forms from the same localities. Same may be presumed 
to apply to tristis Gr.-Grsh. Also specimens with a few small dull red, almost equally large spots on uppersides 
of fore and hindwings, but with distinct or at all events indicated white band on underside of hindwings, and 
which may be named reducta {ah. nov.) (9 a) are only aberrations. It is certainly however not impossible that reducta. 
some of the forms mentioned occur so predominantly at certain localities that one can speak of a local race. 
Whether jucunda Fung. is a local race or an aberration I should not like to decide. In any case there are 
all sorts of transitions between same and the name-form in regard both to size and development of the 
bands. Turanica flies already at an altitude of 6—700 m. 
E. manto Esp. (9 a) is of particular interest because it provides a pronounced alpine form (= pyr- manto. 
rhula Frey) and then again because it forms real and distinctly separable local races. The illustration in 
Vol. 1, plate 36 h, recognisably figures pyrrhula, the small narrow winged form from the summit of the Albula 
Pass (2300 m) with few rust-red spots on hindwings, sometimes absent, forming a limited band and as a 
rule without any ocelli. Very closely similar are the forms from other high altitudes of the Swiss Alps where 
according to Vorbrodt manto occurs up to heights of 2500 m. They are however somewhat larger and 
wider winged. Frithstorfer considers this form should be mantoides Esp ., under which name he would like 
to include the other Swiss forms which are not particularly named. He may be right. Scarcely any Erebia 
varies so much in regard to size, development of bands on upper and undersides in the q and b and the 
ocelli of forewings and hindwings at one and the same locality as does manto. Frithstorfer separates from 
this form illustrated in Vol. 1, pi. 36 g, from the Swiss Alps for which the name of mantoides Esp. has mantoides. 
been decided upon, a form with ‘‘wide, dark fulvous bands on upperside” and “exceedingly prominent black 
spots in bands of all wings”: it comes from the Valais and has been named saphrana ab. without sufficient saphrana. 
justification. Further Frithstorfer proposes a special name for the race from the Laquin Valley for which 
also there seems little reason. Also the temptation to give special names to high altitude forms which do 
not entirely correspond with pyrrhula should be withstood because these are all transitions to specimens 
from lower altitudes. On the other hand the name caecilia Hbn. is justified, it is a form in which the bands caecilia. 
on fore and hindwings have entirely disappeared in typical specimens. It flies as a local race in various spots 
in Switzerland and on the Stilfser Joch, but it occurs probably everywhere as an aberration. — From these 
forms flying chiefly in Switzerland we have to separate those from the bavarian and austrian alps. These 
are much more richly decorated than the former. Already in the races from Bavaria and Tyrol which Frith¬ 
storfer has named erina Fabricius , the bands on both wings are more pronounced, the rust-red is brighter, ocelli erina. 
more numerous and distinct. Variability here is also very great. Frithstorfer is justified in pointing out 
that the band can almost entirely disappear (ab. nigra Osth.), on the other hand already in western Bavaria nigra. 
some specimens are found with such wide continuous and brightly coloured bands on upperside that Osthelder 
gives them the names fasciata, iatefasciata, and when bands are increased in size and diffuse inwardly effusa. fasciata. 
Sometimes also the ocelli are increased in number and size. A form from the austrian Oetscher region with Iatefasciata. 
® effusa 
7—9 ocelli on fore and hindwings which occurs also as an aberration at other localities has been called by 
Wagner ocellata. These specimens are a transition to the name-form first described from Styria as manto ocellata. 
Esp. (9 a, 10 a) which also flies in all the austrian alps up to the neighbourhood of Vienna. It exceeds all 
other races in the development of the bands of upper and undersides, which show a greater contrast through 
the rust-red colouration of same from the deep black-brown ground colour and as a rule also in regard to the 
distinctly outstanding ocelli. Especially characteristic is the marking of the bands on underside of hindwings 
both in and $. In the $ it consists of 5—7 sharply outlined orange-yellow spots which here and there are 
actually eyespots, in contrast to which the few rusty-red basal spots appear insignificant. In the $ the bands 
and basal spots are sulphur-yellow in contrast to the yellow-red bands on underside of forewings. In most 
typical specimens they are confluent to a wide band, ligata ab. nob. (9 c). — Also the Carpathians and Bal- ligata. 
kans are the homes of special manto. A form from the Carpathians with obsolete basal spots of underside 
of hindwings of <$ and $ has been named by v. Hormuzaki trajamus and a form from Bosnia that approaches trajanus. 
to pyrrhula with less sharply outlined, dusky red-brown band, diffusing from margin towards base of fore¬ 
wings has been named osmarsica by Schawerda. — In the West of Europe in the Pyrenees a race flies osmanica. 
allied to caecilia which Eiffinger has described as constans Elwes (Vol. 1, pi. 36 g). Warren considers this 
a genuine species and names it gavarniensis. His reasons are not convincing. The form should, however, be gavarnien- 
called constaras Eiffinger as the latter and not Elwes was the original author. Frithstorfer names the smaller cons y ins s>t ” 
form from the southern french mountains, which he alleges “differs considerably from the races of the Pyre- gnathene. 
nees” as gnathene. — Apart from bubastis Meissn. (9 b) and the above mentioned ligata which is a counterpart 6 ubastis. 
Supplementary Volume 1 
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