138 
EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goltz. 
of same from the swiss and bavarian Alps we have to mention aberrations which frequently occur in in 
which the otherwise yellow spots of band of hindwings on underside are coloured dull rust-red and poorly 
macca- developed, and in fact sometimes quite absent. They have been named maccabaeus Herbst. India (!) has been 
rulirou '/iila men ti° ne( l as the home. It seems therefore only right to cancel this name and substitute it by rubroligata 
jarinaia. ab. nov. (9 a) *). Turati has denominated a $ from Aosta as farinata, it looks as if it had been covered with 
impundala. white flour and the ocelli are missing in bands of all wings. - - impunctata according to Hoffmann from 
Styria are without ocelli in bands. They also occur elsewhere. — We are illustrating an interesting vogesiaca 
Christ (10 a). 
ceto. E. ceto Hbn. Frithstorfer has taken occasion to subdivide this species into a series of local races. 
ceira. He calls the form from the Maritime Alps cetra, which in the development of its elliptical spots as well as 
jrcnus. “in its whole appearance reaches the maximum of development”, frenus is the high altitude form from Dau- 
iyrsus. phine, very small “with dusky and reduced spotting”, very similar to caradjae Cafl. tyrsus is the form from 
erobyle. South-East Switzerland, “the sp>ots on upperside are almost double as wide” as specimens from Valais, erobyle 
is again similar to caradjae , small, with reduced but complete red-brown spots, with ocelli and pupils. It flies 
rhodocleia. in North Tyrol and Bavaria, rhodocleia on the other hand in South Tyrol. The latter is said to be larger 
than the name-form from Switzerland, but does not achieve the same perfection in development of the rows 
of spots. All these forms with exception of frenus scarcely justify names. Ceto varies locally within certain 
limits and it would not be difficult to find specimens in one and the same locality which correspond with 
the name-form, with obscura Ratzer, with cetra, tyrsus, erobyle and rhodocleia. — The race from the Apennines 
abeionica. has been named by Verity abetonica. It is of medium size, has perfect but small and dusky spots. — ab. 
Ido. leto Schltz. is an aberration without ocelli in the row of spots, albomacula Rbl. is a specimen “with whitish- 
alboma- brown spots on underside of hindwings” from the West Alps (= phorcus Frrl). A remarkable $ from the 
' tllu ' Simplon in the Senckenberg Museum has only 2 small rust-red, black ocellated spots on upperside of forewings 
extinda. 3 minute red dots on the still more minute ocelli on hindwings. I name it extirseta (ab. nov.). 
medusa. E. medusa F . is the only Erebia which in the great migration of the Erebias from the mountains 
to the warmer plains at the beginning of the ice period has made its home there so that after the end of the 
period it still continues to exist as plentifully in the flat land as in the mountains. It is true that the new 
form of the plains has become so little acclimatised that it varies extraordinarily in these localities and the 
establishment of special denominations for local races is therefore questionable. Nevertheless this has been 
done on a wide scale, especially on the part of Frithstorfer. Starting by claiming that the name-form is 
the type from Vienna he names the medium sized form flying throughout Germany and especially up the 
brigobanna. Valley of the Rhine bl'igohanna, its band is dissolved into isolated spots, the however “all have a widening 
of the fulvous bands” similar to the colouration of psodea. Frithstorfer names the Jura and Black Forest 
meisneri. race meisneri, it is said to be smaller and duskier than brigobanna. According to Frithstorfer Switzerland is 
charila. the home, apart from the high alpine hippomedusa, of charila flying from Bale to- Geneva which “shows 
gradations of all the characteristics of brigobanna” , has the spot marking wider and more fiery, ocelli and 
generosa. pupils “more prominent”, then we have gesierosa from Monte Generoso and from the Valais, larger than charila, 
spots less developed, “preapical ocelli always separate, very large and with darker red periphery”. Fruh- 
cercida. storfer names the form from the Tessin, from Bernardino and the South Tyrol eercida, characterises it 
euphrasia. however only by saying “it varies most from charila ”. The bulgarian race has been named euphrasia, it is said 
to stand in regard to development of ocelli and iris between the Vienna name-form and the richly marked 
hungarian psodea, not having “beautiful fulvous yellow” as latter but darker red-brown, euphrasia is said to 
narona. occur also in Istria and the Caucasus. The “diminutive” form from Bosnia is named naroma “duller and with 
wider suffused yellow-brown spots on both wings”, underside of $$ is “much paler grey than hippomedusa”. 
iicina. Vorbrodt names specimens from Mte. Generoso and from the Tessin (Fusio) tkina, they are said to be small¬ 
er than more northerly specimens, but brighter and livelier in colour. Also a belgian form has been given 
florincnsis. a special name by Lambillion florinensis. It is small, ground colour darker than the name-form, band wider 
and paler. — Of the italian forms Count Turati has described the race of the high Apennines from Modena 
hyperap- as hyperappermina. It differentiates chiefly by its deep black ground colour, rust-red band both in $ and $ 
pennina. consists of small spots in which there are distinct white pupilled ocelli. — It is indeed difficult to find one’s 
way through this confusion of races, especially if one tries to do so from descriptions. It would be easy and 
in fact there would be an equal right to multiply these denominations by a dozen. Correspondingly to the 
above mentioned insufficiently specific definitions, aberrative specimens are naturally very numerous. They 
have given rise to a whole series of denominations. A $ from Moravia with ochreous instead of black-brown 
satoryi. ground colour Zelesny names satoryi, an albinotic specimen from Bavaria with almost white marginal areas 
albinoiica. Osthelder names albinotica, a specimen with almost pure white bands albofasciata. effusa Osth. are bavarian 
alb of as- specimens which also occur elsewhere in which on the forewings 3 spots of the band are elongated proximally 
ciaia. cuneiform, in difflua Black. (— dilucescens Gramann) from Switzerland the band of fore wings both distallv 
effusa ° ^ 
difflua. au T proximally diffuses into the middle cell and extends to the inner margin without a distinct outline. 
astigmatica. asfigmatica Schtz. from Silesia is quite without ocelli on upperside, the band of forewings is reduced to 
*) On the plate the name maccabaeus has erroneously been left. 
