EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goetz. 
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2 rust-red spots. Hindwings are unicoloured black; pherusa Schtz. from the same district has only two red pherusa. 
encircled ocelli in place of the band on forewings and one red encircled dot on hindwings. I n the swiss post- poslnigra. 
nigra Vorbr. hindwings are without ocelli on both sides, in depupillata Ostli. from Bavaria ocelli are reduced to depup Mala. 
spots without pupils, marstoides Gram, is said to be similar to manto jpyrrhula, having bright ground colour mania idcs. 
with only one minute dot in place of the ocelli on fore and hindwings, band on hindwings dissolved into 
3 spots. — pseudomedusa Strd. is an aberration of polaris from Norway, which Strand considers is a genuine pseudcme- 
species. In it the band on upperside of forewings is dissolved into ringlets round eyespots, ocelli being limited 
to 2 on forewings and to a dot on hindwings, the pupil is often absent in latter and is indistinct on fore¬ 
wings. The same applies to the paler band on underside. Of belgian specimens 5 have been given specific 
names, virago Cab. is a $ with yellowish-white band on forewings, dark yellow-red on hindwings. of the virago. 
5 small ocelli of forewings the 3rd consists of a black blind spot. - amazon Cab. is a $ with ground colour- amazon. 
ation and bands of the <$, infulata Gab. is a $ with grey-brown ground colour and pale very wide bands infulala. 
on forewings. — In mairloti Gab., also a $, this band is 4 mm wide and not intersected. — semigrisea Gab. mairloti. 
is a with greyish forewings but normal colouring of hindwings. 
E. oetne Hbn. has been separated by Fruhstorfer into no less than 11 races. He ascertains 2 races oeme. 
already in Savoy: tanita from the Grande Chartreuse, unusually small, “hindwings with minute ocelli scarcely tanita. 
perceptibly surrounded with red-brown” and lugina from Savoy also small, but eyespots of upperside “extens- lugina. 
ively encircled with red”, underside of fore wings of $ bright fuscous, whilst in tanita the fuscous hue is 
absent. Geographically connecting with these: pacuSa from the swiss and french Jura “generally the finest pacula. 
oeme of Switzerland” with “luxuriant” red spots on upper and underside, being close to spodia Stgr. 
nilas from the Dent du Midi in Canton Waadt is in contrast thereto smaller with almost extinct ocelli and nilas. 
reduced red-brown surrounds to same, approaching to lugens Stgr. — seliza from the Bernadiner Pass is seliza. 
actually smaller than pacula but “more richly ornamented with red on upperside and the black white-pupilled 
eyespots generally smaller”. — philiata is a race flying in Canton Uri named by Fruhstorfer which philiata. 
approaches lugens Stgr. and which is said to be not only an aberration, but a local race occurring in a number 
of Swiss Valleys, forming a transition to the race of mythia from Algau and “as a rule is finer” than these, 
but not up to the name-form from the Tyrol. — mythia from Algau has “apical ocelli of forewings as a mythia. 
rule with a more extensive proximal red patch” than the name-form, on the other hand hindwings have 
smaller or no ocelli on upper and undersides. - clisura from the Alps around the Tegernsee and Reichenhall clisura. 
have in the q very large ocelli on upperside of both wings with “brighter and more extensive red-brown 
periphery”. Also the $ has increased red-yellow of the periphery of ocelli, underside is brighter. The race 
forms a transition to spodia Stgr. - - noctua from the Tyrol is a mountain form that approaches lugens, it nodua. 
is small as same with small ocelli, but in the $ “the delicate greenish or greyish yellow hue of underside 
of hindwings is absent, as also is the yellowish patch in front of apical ocelli of forewings and also the fuscous 
tinge at base”. Whilst Fruhstorfer leaves the oeme form from the Carpathians undenominated, he christens 
the form from Bosnia and Montenegro vetulonia; it resembles spodia closely, but has not got its “luxuriant vetulonia. 
ocelli-formation”, whilst the periphery of the ocelli is sometimes equal. On the other hand the bulgarian 
zagora forms “a decidedly poorer form than spodia both in general appearance and colouration”. It is also zagora. 
smaller. Quite apart from the fact that the description of these 11 races here and there leaves much to 
be desired in point of clarity, this extreme division of oeme forms seems doubtful. — The form of oeme from 
the Pyrenees is rich in ocelli and the $$ are distinguishable by bright white pupils in eyespots. Oberthur 
names them pyrenaea; - caeca Ostli. are aberrative specimens from Algau in which the ocelli are absent from pyrenaea. 
band of forewings. Oeme flies in Bavaria at an altitude of 600 m, but in Switzerland only commencing at caeca - 
1200 m and reaching heights of over 2300 m. 
E„ stygne O. This name must be upheld, as the attempt of Fruhstorfer to prove that the correct stygne. 
name should be pyrene ( pirene) Hbn. can be deemed to have failed. Two groups of forms can again be diff¬ 
erentiated: one with richer bands of spots and distincter ocelli and pupils chiefly in the male sex in the 
West of the region of distribution (Spain, France, Italy, South-West Switzerland, Vosges and Black Forest) 
and one with less striking appearance in the east (central and east Alps, Carpathians). Fruhstorfer, Chap¬ 
man and Oberthur have divided the Spanish Erebia into no fewer than 7 races. —- almada is a name given almada. 
by Fruhstorfer to relatively small forms with wide bands from the Cantabrian Mountains of N.W. Spain; 
as a special characteristic the great extension of the fuscous area on underside of forewings is mentioned: 
hispanica Chap, is one of the largest forms (expanse on an average over 49 mm) which Fruhstorfer unne- hispanica. 
cessarily re-christens algernon, it has somewhat narrower bands and smaller ocelli. From Sierra de la Demanda 
(Canales). — bejarensis Chap. (9 b, c) *) is still larger (<$ almost 50, $ 52 mm on an average). It is from bejarensis. 
Sierra de Bejar and Sierra de Gredos and distinguished by an extension of bands, ocelli and white pupils; 
underside of hindwings of $ is decorated by a distinct white outline to marginal band towards middle area. 
— pyrenaica Ruehl re-christened by Fruhstorfer as ruhli is the very common form in its localities in the pyrenaica. 
*) The illustration is unfortunately a faillure especially in the colouration. 
