140 
EREBIA. By H. Erhr. v. d. Goltz. 
french West and High Pyrenees with shortened band of forewings and reduced ocelli and pupils. The white 
band on underside of hindwings of $$ is sometimes distinctly present, sometimes indicated and sometimes 
cpiite absent. The fine form from the East Pyrenees is named by Frithstorfer zagazia. Oberthur justifiably 
considers same identical with bejarensis. I also cannot discover any differences between my specimens from 
gavamica. the High Pyrenees and Chapman’s illustrations of bejarensis. — gavarnica Oberth. from the Central Pyrenees 
penalarae. is a form with a narrower band which is strikingly close to margin, penalarae Chap, (which Frithstorfer has re¬ 
named castiliana) flies in mid Spain (Sierra de Guardarrama) and is a form of medium size and develop¬ 
ment of bands and ocelli, the $ without the white edge to the former on hindwings. To what extent all these 
Spanish races can claim justification of denomination can only be decided on the basis of plentiful material 
with definitely certain locality labels. — On the italian peninsular 3 forms are found in the Apennines, of 
which one occurring in the Abruzzi Mountains at 16—1800 m altitude is said to be identical with pyrenaica 
Buhl. The form flying as low as 900 m in Tuscany and the Apuan Apennines has been named simultaneously 
costantinii. bv Ttjrati as costantinii and by Verity etruriae. It is smaller than Spanish specimens, the rust-red band is 
dark in colouration and of moderate development, on the other hand ocelli and particularly on hindwings 
tetrica. are large and with prominent white pupils. - - tetrica Vrty. from Monti Sibillini is small with narrow wings, 
cubei. dark ground colour, few and small ocelli and reduced bands, being poorly marked on underside, cubei Fruhst. is simi¬ 
lar to costantinii and comes from the italian and french Maritime Alps; ocelli of hindwings are not so strik- 
calaritas. ing. In the $$ there is a distinct, almost pure white middle band on underside, ealaritas from Auvergne 
and the Basses Alps near Digne named by Frithstorfer shows less decoration in regard to bands and ocelli 
on upperside. In the $$ the white band already mentioned is absent. It is a transition to forms established 
charea. by Frithstorfer for the Savoy and Geneva Alps and the neighbouring Southern Jura, namely charea and 
praerutilia. praerutilia. The former is smaller with developed bands, ocelli in both sexes are large and distinctly pupilled 
with white. The latter is still finer (“the fuscous bands and white pupilled ocelli reach the maximum highest 
development in the territory of the West Alps”). The underside of hindwings of $$ has however no white 
band, but in both forms it is sometimes “white suffused”. In them we find occasionally a ray-like extension 
posidonia. of the bands of forewings towards base. — Close to praerutilia come the races from the Black Forest ( posi- 
guttata. dotiia Fruhst.) and the Vosges (guttata Goltz = eximia Fuchs). They are almost as fine as the Spanish forms 
in regard to the beautiful bands and size of ocelli, especially in the on an average they are somewhat 
smaller and the pupils not so brilliantly white. Guttata (9 b) only differs from posidonia in that the bands 
whilst being contiguous show the individual spots formed like tears and pointing inwards. At the same time 
there are certainly specimens found in the Vosges which cannot be distinguished from posidonia. Stygne flies 
in the North Vosges as low as 200 m, in the Black Forest from 400 m upwards. — The transition to the less 
well developed races of the Central and East Alps is formed by a race flying in a few localities in the woods 
of Thuringia at 8—900 m. It is smaller and less richly decorated in bands and ocelli than' posidonia and gut¬ 
tata the fuscous bands however are better developed than the average of alpine specimens, the white pupilled 
thurin- eyes whilst being small are distinct and numerous. This strikingly isolated form has been named thuringiaca 
rfmca. form. nov. — The eastern race which occurs in the Alps of the Bernese Oberland and the Valais down to 
Lower Austria, Styria and Hungary, is characterised by varying size which is nevertheless smaller in compari¬ 
son to the west race, further by the band which is mostly dissolved into separate spots and practically never 
contiguous and which sometimes disappears, being reduced to quite minute traces, especially on the hindwings 
of the $ ( valesiaca Elw.). This latter dark form is found in a few localities, for instance Canton Glams, as a 
local race but generally as an aberration intermingling with specimens with better developed bands. The 
name valesiaca is misleading as this form is by no means confined to the Valais. — Frithstorfer names all 
freyeri. specimens from Algau, Vorarlberg and Ortler territory as freyeri, they are similar to valesiaca but somewhat 
larger, the fuscous considerably reduced but not quite absent. I am unable to find any decisive differences 
between specimens from Central Switzerland and those from Algau and Vorarlberg, with the exception of the 
form justifiably mentioned by Ostiielder which often has strongly elliptical shape to the large white pupils 
styriaca. giving the $$ a particularly fine appearance. — styriaca Hirschke from Styria is in so far similar to guttata Goltz 
from the Vosges that the spots are also tear shaped, however they do not form a band but are isolated and much 
smaller. It is a fairly large form. The unnamed race from the South Carpathians is said to be quite similar. 
According to illustrations it cannot be distinguished from many swiss specimens. — Vorbrodt has recently 
boden- named a form from the Santis territory bodetirmanni: “deep black-brown on both sides, except for exceedingly 
manni. sm all brown patches, on all wings 5 black ocelli with white pupils, being quite exceptionally large in the 
— stygne flies at an altitude of 200 m (Vosges) to 2400 m (Switzerland) from the end of May to the 
middle of August. — The following single aberrative specimens have been named: a $ from the Mont Blanc 
abocula. territory with unspotted fore wings and 2 eyespots without pupils on hindwings as abocula Fame. — semi- 
somcacca. ca£ea Bubacelc from the Pyrenees has small eyespots in bands of forewings and such minute black spots on 
hindwings that they are only visible with a magnifying glass. — The note in Romanow’s Butterfly Book, 
which has also been transposed into Staudinger’s Catalogue, that stygne flies in Armenia, cannot be vouched 
for and just as improbable are the particulars which are given with ? by Frithstorfer in regard to its occurr¬ 
ence in the Caucasus. 
