EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goltz. 
141 
E. palarica Chapm. (9 b)*) was found in 1902 by Mrs. Niciioll on the Picos de Europa, in 1904 palarica. 
it was established as a genuine species of Dr. Chapman, it is very close to stygne 0., largest of all Erebia 
(average expanse 59 cm), larger than parmenio. “Colour and marking like stygne , excepting the proximal 
outline of the red spots of bands on upperside which are constricted and appear inset and not rounded or 
projecting, whilst on underside of the <$ they are often more distinctly defined, extending on forewing 
of $ to costa and appearing as a whitish or greyish shade”. The formation of spots is clearest between veins 
3 and 4. The general appearance of the band reminds one of that of aethiops. Expanse 53- -64 mm. The geni¬ 
tals also show variations. The eggs of palarica and stygne differ from one another. The species so far has 
been ascertained on the Picos de Europa and in the Cantabrian Mountains in N.W. Spain at an altitude of 
12—1800 m. The chief flying period is middle of July. 
E. evias Godt. is less variable than for instance medusa and stygne, and also less than ceto. Never- evias. 
theless Fruhstorfer has separated 4 races from the name-form of the Basses Alps. He names venaissina a venaissina. 
larger form from Mont Ventoux which arises like an island from the plains. It has large ocelli and more 
extensive surrounds to ocelli, which “especially in the $ are ivory colour instead of fuscous”, eurykleia Fruhst. eurykleia. 
(9 c) is the race from the Valais flying there from 500—2400 m, slightly smaller than the name-form with 
“a much narrower red-brown submarginal band especially on forewings”. The high mountain form letincia letincia. 
Frulist. from the Engadin is y 4 smaller with more extended ocelli on forewings standing isolated and indistinct, 
and narrower bands on hindwings. Fruhstorfer designates the race from the South Tyrol as a “grandiose 
race” naming it victorialis (9 c). It habitually beats even eurykleia and is characterised by a much wider victorialis. 
red-brown band of fore wings which “is decorated by considerably finer black ocelli with large white pup¬ 
ils”. The underside is more decidedly grey mottled. If one agrees that there is any justification in these 
detailed separations it is only right to remark that there are no essential differences in the size of the name- 
form, eurykleia, and victorialis, further the development of ocelli and pupils seems to be identical in the 
name-form and victorialis, whilst that of eurykleia is not quite so extensive in the $$ and in the GS certain 
specimens are almost identical. It is also not a fact that the underside of victorialis is more greyly mottled 
than in eurykleia. — In regard to the difficult Spanish forms it is to be mentioned that the small hispanica 
Zap. flies on the Sierras of Arragonia, whilst pyrenaica Stgr. which Fruhstorfer renamed ottonis, is a high 
mountain form from the Central Pyrenees. The larger and more richly decorated castilian forms penalarae pendlarae. 
Poulton and granjana Obth. seem to be identical and do not approach the name-form, the latter form is gran]ana. 
said to have a particularly dark underside. — The albanian-montenegrian form of the East has been named 
orientalis by Rebel. It is smaller than the name-form, the wing contour is narrower, ocelli are also smaller orientalis. 
disappearing entirely sometimes on underside, white pupils are extinct. In the $ the band is also reduced. 
The underside is brighter than in alpine specimens. - - depupillata Schtz. are aberrative specimens without depupillata 
white pupils in ocelli; ab. caeca Oberth. is an aberrative specimen from the Valais without any ocelli. caeca. 
E. hewitsoni Led. Fruhstorfer separates as sideris the race from Armenia and North Persia from hewitsoni. 
the name-form from the Caucasus illustrated on plate 37 a. It is smaller and paler in its general colouration, sulcns - 
bands are of lesser extension, ocelli more pronounced. 
E. alecto Him. (= nerine Frr.). Count Turati has proved that the named used hitherto nerine Frr. alecto. 
should be corrected to alecto Him. He adds to the name-form of Eiffinger the following races reichlini II.- 
Schdff. (which he names styx Frr.), stelviana Curo, italica Frey and morula Spr. (9 c) cancelling italica and 
adding orobica and hercegovinensis and he perceives in nerine Frr. a separate local race from the name-form 
alecto. Fruhstorfer creates on the one hand a new race gyrtone, on the other hand he takes pleasure in 
renaming the name-form alecto in triglites, hercegovinensis in turatii, italica in tryphaena and stelviana in vor- 
brodti. Dannehl increases the confusion still further by giving the name mendolensis to orobica. The orobica orobica. 
which is found on the Mendel pass in the Adamello Group and in the Venetian Alps is in spite of the 
most careful description of the author very difficult to distinguish from stelviana-. both forms are simply 
“subject to the greatest variability”. Turati gives as the chief characteristic differences: in the some¬ 
what larger, ground colour darker, margin of forewing band slightly incurved, ocelli a little rounder, veins 
a little distincter on underside, middle line on hindwings somewhat more visible, seldom outlined with white. 
More apparent are the differences on underside of $. Here in stelviana yellow or white-yellow is predominant, 
whilst in orobica it is a pale grey. — Much more easily recognisable is hercegovinensis Trti. (9 d) flying in hercego- 
Istria in the neighbouring Carniola (Nanos) and not in Herzegovina (!). It is smaller with wider brighter bands, vinensis 
especially on hindwings, large bright ocelli with white pupils which also stand out strikingly on underside. 
The underside of $ is whitish-grey. The new name-form alecto Turati ascribes to localities in S.W. Switzer¬ 
land and Northern Italy as far as Trent, whilst nerine Frr. flies in Carinthia and around Gorizia. In the latt- nerine. 
er, spots of band are inclined to be elongated towards base, especially in the $ which has a silvery white, 
violet toned underside to hindwings. gyrtone Fruhst. from the neighbourhood of Innsbruck on the Gross- gyrtone. 
gloclmer and other North Tyrol localities flying perhaps as far as Karawankia and Carpathian Mountains 
represents a “dusky mountain form” with reduced rust coloured spots. 
*) The illustration in Vol. 1, plate 37 a shows an abnormally large specimen. 
