142 
EREBIA. By H. Erhr. v. d. Goltz. 
Whether alecto occurs in Spain is not yet definitely ascertained according to Sagarra. St audixger 
has already drawn attention to the great variability of alecto at one and the same habitat and lately Da>~- 
nehl has again pointed this out. The latter lays stress on the fact and certainly rightly so, that the butter¬ 
fly shows varying characteristics in various years. It is often impossible to allot specimens without locality 
label to any particular race with certainty. If one has larger series from the same locality the first impress- 
olivaccofas- i 0 n is of its great variability. — Aberrative specimens: olivaceofasciata Osth., a $ with olive-brownish bands, 
dcpupUlata depupilHata Osth. a $ without pupils in ocelli, exannulata Osth. a $ with pupils immediately in fuscous band. 
exannu- All 3 from Bavaria. 
^ ^ tata- E. Jefebvrei Dup. is according to careful researches by Chapmanh a genuine species, according to 
examination of the genitals more closely related to alecto than to melas. In regard to the latter, besides the 
distinguishing characteristics mentioned by Eiffinger (of which the smallness or absence of ocelli is not 
always valid) there are still to be mentioned: the line formed by ocelli of forewings, their striking approxi¬ 
mation to outer margin of all wings and in the $ the relatively straight outline of hindwing band which 
approximates deeply towards the middle area. 
vidas. E. melas Hbst. (9 d) has recently been honoured by the attention of students. Frithstorfer denom- 
hungarica. inates as the name-form the hungarian race ( = hungarica Obertli.) which is relatively large, rich in ocelli 
and of which the $$ show extensive rust-red spot-marking on the upperside. The <$<$ of the race from Vel- 
leonhardi. ebit which Frithstorfer names leoiltiardi resemble the name-form, but the $$ have practically no rust- 
nanos. red spots on upperside. The race named nanos Fruhst. from Carniola and Istria is said to have especially 
large ocelli and a brownish coloured underside, the 9 $ sometimes are with, sometimes without rust-red spots 
aconis. with large ocelli on forewings, whilst these are absent on hind wings. — aconis Fruhst. from Bulgaria only 
differs from the following form in that the $ has a “grey-brown suffusion of scales” in some specimens, 
whilst the $ is smaller and poorer in eyespots lying in “indistinct red-brown patches”. On underside the 
“submarginal zone” is narrower and more sharply outlined and the median band of hindwings is fainter. — 
hercegovi- hercegovinensis Schaw. (= schawerdae Fruhst.) from Bosnia and Herzegowina has with upperside of “dull 
nensis. brown-black” ground colouration. The greek sigeion Fruhst. is somewhat larger than hercegovinensis, ocelli are 
.si,/, wn. j egg prominently pupilled with white. The $ has no fuscous spots on upperside, hindwings are generally — 
on underside always — without eyespots. According to the material at my disposal I must partially doubt 
not only the necessity but the correctitude of these race divisions. I must leave the disputing to the authors 
as I am undecided whether the Spanish astur. Obth., pyrenaea Obth. (= myrialda Fruhst.) and intermedia 
Obth. belong to melas Hbst. or lefebvrei Dub. The former seems to me at least the more probable in spite 
Mefasciata. of Sagarra. — Aberrative specimens: latefasciata Steiner are $$ with very wide bands on forewings, obsoleta 
obsoleta. Steiner is a $ altogether without bands, velebitaca Steiner a £ with distinctly developed fuscous band of 
i deb it ac a. f orew j n g S . All 3 from Croatia. 
gladalis. E. glacialis Esp. Seeing that, as mentioned above the name alecto Hbn. is to take the place of 
pcrscphone. nerine Frr. it is only right that the name persephone Esp. (9d) *) should replace the glacialis form hitherto 
called alecto. It comes from the North Tyrol and bavarian Alps and lias well developed ocelli on upperside and 
almost always also on underside. It also frequently has small ocelli on hindwings and on underside the remains 
teriola. of a rust-red band on forewings. Schawerda gives this race the name teriola. He separates from it the 
lcaseria. form kaseria from the Wilder Kaiser. It has still smaller ocelli which are without pupils in the $ and which 
are situate in striking longitudinal streaks of fuscous in the and fulvous in the $; the hindwings of the 
turbo, latter are grey-brown on underside. Frithstorfer gives the name turbo to the closely allied race from the 
Oetz and Pitz Valleys. Here the ocelli are as a rule larger and more numerous, the remnants of a band on 
upperside are at the best only present in the $. Nevertheless both persephone as well as turbo vary within 
nicholli. certain limits. This is not the case with the form nicholli Galberla (nee Obertlmr) from the Brenta group. 
It always has numerous eyespots on upper and undersides (on the forewing in the $ 2 —4, in the $ 3—4, 
on hindwings in both sexes 3 ocelli). These have “mighty white pupils”, otherwise the are quite black 
on upper and underside, the $$ sometimes with a trace of brown at eyespots. Schawerda names the race 
stelviana from the Ortler stelviana. It is the largest of the austrian glacialis forms, the ground colour is paler, bands 
wide and bright fuscous, forewings always with 2 ocelli with white pupils, the hindwings often also with 
dolomitana. eyespots. Frhhstorfer replaces the name stelviana by velocissima. — Much smaller is dolomitana Schaw. from 
the Dolomites with faint ocelli with white pupils, hindwings almost always without eyespots, $ black on upper 
cariola. and undersides. Just as small is eariola Schaw. from the Dachstein territory “remarkable by its pale $$ with 
triglavensis. almost grey sheen in the outer area”, triglavensis Schaw. from Triglav is even smaller still, on underside of the 
anthracites. $ remnants of a redbrown band are present, anthracites Fruhst. from the Schnalser Valley is quite without 
eyespots, it belongs to the large races, rarely having traces of a rust-red band on upperside, sometimes how¬ 
ever remnants of same on underside or with rust-red tinge towards base, which in the $ develops into a rust- 
red basal area. — The name-form glacialis Esp. emanates from the Mont Blanc region but is also found, in 
plutonides. Switzerland; Frhhstorfer separates from it plutonides from Dauphine in which the is quite black on 
upper and undersides, whilst the $ “is suffused on upperside with faint traces of a reddish hue and on 
*) The illustration of alecto in Vol. 1, plate 37 b represents a rare exception in which the ocelli are absent on underside. 
