EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goltz. 
143 
underside throughout reddish”. He names the form from the Swiss Alps anteborus. ft is without ocelli hut anteborus. 
always has traces of a rust-red apical spot or band. This is sometimes clearly developed (compare Vol. 1 , 
pi. 37 b) especially in the $ on fore and hindwings. Fruhstorfer would like to group the latter forms with 
rich bands together under the name entaenia and name those with faintly developed bands only on the eniaenia. 
forewings aeolia. In Switzerland glacialis flies in its various forms from 1600—3200 m and occasionally up aeoliu. 
to 3600 m. — The name beelzebub Costa has been given to the form from Abruzzi where it flies at 1600 beelzebub. 
to 2200 m. It is essentially identical with pluto Esp., the $$ have a diffuse red-brown band on the wings 
but underside of forewings is black. Aberrative forms have been named: as caeca Schaw. specimens of nicholli caeca. 
Calb. without white pupils in ocelli, as aretoides Hirschhe from the Ortler region specimens without ocelli but aretoules. 
with each 2 large white pupils on forewings and hindwings in the band which is only indicated by a red hue. 
Of E. erinna Stgr. which was not illustrated in Vol. 1 we show a figure here of the underside (9 c). erinna. 
E„ fasciata Btlr. Grum-Grshimailo has separated the east Siberian specimens as semo from the north fasdata. 
American name-form. The description corresponds so exactly with the illustration on Plate 8 f of an ameri- semo. 
can specimen that I cannot find any difference. It appears that Gr.-Grsh. assumes that the american butterflies 
are unicoloured black-brown without band. This, however, is only exceptionally the case. 
E. pronoe Esp. belongs to the species that are interesting because the most richly decorated races pronoe. 
fly in the north of the territory over which it is distributed. The southern races from the Pyrenees to the 
Caucasus are all more or less dingy. Owing to its wide distribution innumerable races have been established 
and denominations given to a great number of aberrations. As name-form we take the austrian form especially 
that from the Styrian Alps, which Fruhstorfer describes as the “most luxuriant race”. The form from the 
lower heights of the north Tyrol and south Bavaria which Fruhstorfer wrongly denominates with the name 
of alamangoviae (meanwhile refuted again by Staudihger) is almost fully its equal in the development of 
the fuscous bands, size of ocelli and pupils and overall size. These well-marked races represent at the same 
time the lowland forms of pronoe occurring at an altitude of 800- 1300 m. The high mountain forms to 
which belongs also the form from Bavaria and north Tyrol all show reduced or extinct bands often with ocelli 
and pupils of small size and they are smaller insects. The form from the Central Pyrenees “with very faint 
bands in which there are 3 rarely 2 ocelli on forewings” has been named glottis by Fruhstorfer. He wrongly glottis. 
ascribes a form from Savoy with increased “dusky red-brown area on forewings” to Esper’s persephone which 
represents a glacialis. He and Vorbrodt agree that the pronoe forms of the Swiss Alps belong to pit ho Ilubn. 
Fruhstorfer separates a form flying on the Lago Maggiore as psathura, it has “narrower but exceedingly psathura. 
sharply outlined intensively red-brown submarginal band” on upperside and “bright fuscous but contracted 
submarginal area on underside of forewings” and larger pupils. The form from the South Tyrol tarcenta tarcenta. 
Fruhst. is somewhat smaller than the name-form. “The red-brown area of fore wings is brighter, narrower 
and much more sharply outlined”, but often it is dusky, hindwings have 2—5 little red “blotches” which 
may be either with eyespots or blind. The $ is characterised “by the indistinct rust coloured area of fore¬ 
wings” which is always absent on hindwings. Fruhstorfer establishes a 2 nd race for the South Tyrol flying 
as a matter of fact in the Groedner Valley and the Ortler, which is said also to fly in Carinthia. He names 
this pithonides Schtz. It is said to be the smallest pronoe form, the $ has smaller apical ocelli of forewings and pithonicles. 
very dusky bands of underside. The diagnosis of Schultz does not quite agree with this, according to it the 
ocelli are not smaller but only without pupils and further it is pointed out that the rust-red band is per¬ 
fect as in the name-form. It only flies in Carinthia. In any case a completely distinct race of these pitho¬ 
nides flies in the Groedner Valley to which Schawerda has given the name gardenia. On an average it meas- gardeina. 
ures only 35 mm (the name-form 40), it is always “completely dark”, bands are only rarely retained in 
sparse remnants, ocelli on forewings very small, rarely with pupils, absent on hindwings. As a rule the under¬ 
side of forewings is dusky brown, on hindwings “equally dusky”. It flies from 1200 to over 2000 m. — Of 
the eastern races Fruhstorfer names those from Bulgaria and Jugo-Slavia as zyxuta. It is extraordinarily zyxuta. 
variable, occasionally approaching pitho then “moderately red-brown and fulvous”, but always very dusky 
as compared with the name-form. Besides pithonicles Fruhstorfer establishes a 2 nd “smallest” pronoe race 
in zulines from Asia Minor which has “diffuse red-brown bands which are relatively wide and sharply out- zulines. 
lined”. The underside is still more dusky than zyxuta. A necessity for such an exacting splitting up of the 
pronoe forms cannot be recognised. Such local races could very easily be considerably increased. — In regard 
to aberrative specimens Schawerda has mentioned from his gardeina race: depuncta “with remnants of brown depuncta. 
bands without eyespots”, Seukophtalma “dark black with a trace of red-brown around 2 bluish-white (not leukoph- 
black) circumscribed eyespot pupils”, fioetuma having no trace of red-brown and no eyespots on upper and f ta ^ na 
undersides. — depuncta Schultz is an aberration of pithonides without eyespots subalpina Gumppenberg is a depuncta. 
parallel aberration of the name-form to leulcophtalma (ocelli absent, white pupils immediately in the band) subalpina. 
Schawerda names a specimen from the Kaiser Mountains with wide bands in which there are 2 minute ocelli 
without pupils as ab. koliskoi and a specimen with a similar band with 2 white pupils without black cir- koliskoi. 
cumscription ab. ederi. Osthelder gives the following names to specimens from Bavaria, with very enlarged bands cdcri. 
