Publ. 28. III. 1930. 
EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goltz. 
145 
mountains has wider and more rounded wings, a narrow band ending in a point, less numerous ocelli and 
as a special characteristic a pale band on the underside of hindwings. — Strangely enough the Spanish forms 
have not yet found a denominator. The fine race from the east Pyrenees corresponds approximately with 
Fruhstorfer’s description of nicochares, whilst specimens from Catalonia closely resemble the french name- 
form, only they are smaller and have curiously truncate wings. — albovittata Vrty. is an aberration of sybil- 
lina with a silvery white band on the underside of the hindwings, magnocellata Trti. & Vrty. from the 
Maritime Alps is a variety of the name-form with especially large ocelli (= nicochares Fruhst. ?). - ventu- 
rierssis Chobaut from S. France is the name given to specimens, in which the ocelli are quite absent on the 
upper and undersides or are reduced to a small black dot in the anal angle of the hind wing. 
E. zapaferi Oberth. Romei points out that in castilian specimens the ocelli on the upperside of fore¬ 
wings are always considerably smaller to complete extinction in comparison with the name-form from Aragonia. 
He names the form castillarsa. Pether names specimens excessa that have 3 instead of 2 ocelli on the fore¬ 
wings, lutescesis that have pale reddish-yellow band colouration, argenteopimctata that have “iridescent silvery” 
surround of the “slightly black coloured and white-pupilled” ocelli. - caeca Pionneau from Aragon corresp¬ 
ond to the extreme* blind form of castiliana. 
E. sedakovii Ev. also flies on the Kurilian Islands and Sachalin. The race from east Mandchuria has 
recently been named alcmenides Shelj. It is larger, the bands on the forewings somewhat wider and brighter 
fulvous. Also the fuscous band of the hindwing upperside is materially distincter. The ocelli are more pro¬ 
nounced, more often with white pupils. Also on the underside the white pupils that are often circumscribed 
with black stand out more clearly. More or less in contrast hereto we have the race from the Kurilian Isl¬ 
ands, that Nakahara has named doii. It is just as large as alcmenides , but is closely similar to the 
name-form in the weaker development of the bands and ocelli of forewings, the bands are distinctly constrict¬ 
ed in “abt the 4th interstice”, the fuscous band on the upperside of hindwings is totally or almost totally 
absent. The black ocelli and white pupils on the hindwings are also either extinct or only present in mild 
development, doii differs from scoparia in that “the grey-brown postdiscal belt on the underside of hindwings 
is regular in its width, but is much wider”, so that the white pupils are situate in this belt and not on its marg¬ 
in. Generally speaking the same description applies to specimens from Sachalin. 
Eo alcmene Gr.-Grsh. (9 d) I consider this a genuine species. As evidence for this there is not only 
the different formation of the band on the upperside both of the fore and hindwings, which shows a sharp 
angulation in the middle, but above all the completely different marking of the underside of the hindwings, 
which does not in the least resemble the aethiops, melancholica or sedakovii groups. It has on the other hand 
a dark middle band sharply angulated and standing out from a pale dusted basal area and a similarly outlined 
and dusted marginal band, which is bordered white proximally. The dull yellow colouration of the band mentioned 
by Eiffinger and the lesser distinctness of the pupils in comparison to sedakovii is not always present. I have 
before me specimens labelled Kuku-Noor as locality, to which also the Jakar (=Bshaehar) Mountains can 
be reckoned. 
E. aethiops Esp. is one of the most widely distributed Erebia. that occurs over the whole of Europe 
(also in Spain according to Sagarra) excepting Scandinavia and in Asia from Armenia to eastern Siberia. 
It belongs to the old established forms that preferably occurs in the plains and hilly districts, which however 
according to Vorbrodt has migrated again up to altitudes of 2400 m. Its variability accordingly is kept to 
certain bounds, but is nevertheless considerable within same, so that in this common insect we have a 
plenitude of new denominations. Firstly be it remarked that Staudxnger & Fruhstorfer are right, when 
they designate leucotaenia Stgr. (9 d) as a “var. and ab.” The form with heavy white dusted band on the 
underside of hindwings does not only occur here and there in single specimens from the mostly widely separ¬ 
ated localities, but also belongs to the characteristics of local races (for instance in Herzogowina and Thu¬ 
ringia). The smaller form with reduced band especially on hindwings and “washed out” underside from the 
higher Swiss Alps has been named altivaga by Fruhstorfer *). Nevertheless the name-form also occurs simult¬ 
aneously. The “brightest coloured” of all aethiops races from the Jura Mountains around Geneva Fruh¬ 
storfer has named sapaudia. It has especially extensive and highly brightly coloured bands and at the same 
time brighter underside. — rubria Fruhst. (10 a) from the Tessin has much less well developed bands of 
“fully fuscous” colouration with distinct white pupils in the ocelli. It is large. — denafata Fruhst. from the 
South Tyrol (Val di Canali) has in place of bands only loosely connected rust-red spots. - - parvis! Vrty. from 
Venice is similar to derujata only somewhat larger. — saSaria Fruhst. is a small form from the Eisack Valley 
in south Tyrol with medium development of the sharply defined bands. The following have been named from 
Italy besides paroisi : taurinorum Vrty. from the neighbourhood of Turin: it is said to be the most beautiful 
and largest (42—50 mm expanse) of all aethiops forms with very wide and very rounded wings, large ocelli 
and band disappearing on the hindwings. The marking on the underside is not very distinct. — apuana Vrty. 
from the Apuan Apennines is distinguishable by its strongly reduced bands in which are situate very small 
ocelli with weak white pupils. The crattiae Vrty from the Ivottic Alps is smaller than taurinorum with large 
and numerous ocelli and very distinct white pupils. — Verity has created the race of Caledonia for Scot- 
albovittata. 
magnocel- 
luta 
venlurien- 
sis 
zapateri. 
castiliana. 
excessa. 
lutescens. 
argenteo- 
punctaia 
caeca. 
sedakovii. 
alcmenides. 
doii. 
alcmene. 
aethiops. 
altivaga. 
sapaudia. 
rubria. 
derufata. 
parvisi. 
salaria. 
taurinorum 
apuana. 
crattiae. 
Caledonia. 
*) The second illustration of aethiops in Yol. 1, plate 37 e approximately represents it. 
Supplementary Volume 1 
19 
