EREBIA. By H. Frhr. v. d. Goltz. 
147 
wide fuscous bands, the pupils are always absent from the ocelli, underside of the $ is pale and yellowish, 
it occurs in Asturia. antevorta from the Central Pyrenees is similar to ocellar is Stgr., ground colour and 
bands are dusky, the latter clearly outlined on the underside of the forewings and not lighter than on the 
upperside. In the $ the underside of the bind wings is dark chestnut brown, bands and basal dusting silvery 
white. In the East Pyrenees (Vernet les Bains) however still a third race occurs, which I name pyraenaeicola 
(nov. form.) (9 e). It differs above all from the name-form by a first inclination of the heavy rust-red band 
to dissolve into separate spots. Where in single specimens it still coheres, it is intersected by the sharply 
prominent black veins. Otherwise it resembles isarica Ruehl (9 e), it has similarly a checked margin, also in 
the $ generally eyespots without pupils, no fuscous band on underside of hindwings, but in the only a 
surround to the sparse and faint ocelli. In the $ there is a distinct white grey or yellowish band present on 
the underside of hindwings, in which the ocelli are sometimes quite absent, sometimes however being smaller 
than in the <$. Altogether the ocelli are smaller on the average than in isarica (9 e), the wings more elongated, 
colouration of the bands heavier, marking of the underside of the hindwings feebler. phoreta Fruhst. from 
Auvergne in S. France is similar to it, only the rust-red of the bands is duller, the ocelli even smaller still 
having minute white pupils. The $$ have “no band of spots on the fore wings, with only 3 elliptical cunei¬ 
form spots and a round eyespot”. — The two italian races of which bnitioram Trti. occurs on the Gran- 
Sasso in Abruzzi, apenninicola Vrty. on the Apennines of Tuscany at an altitude of 13—1800 m are closely 
related. Both are very small, with very reduced band on upperside, which is scarcely indicated at all on 
the underside of hindwings. In brutiorum these are unicolourous fulvous and not fuscous and the band on 
the upperside is continuous and not dissolved into spots as in apenninicola. In the former that white and 
brown checking of the margin is always indicated, whilst in the latter it is absent. — The forms from the 
Alps and the Jura have been liberally supplied with names. To those mentioned by Eiffxnger isarica Ruehl 
and ocellaris Stgr. have been added etobyrna Fruhst., helvetica Vorbr. (9 e), rusca Fruhst., philomela Esp., segre- 
gata Rev., tramelana Rev., clanis Fruhst. Taking these forms as a whole, one can without difficulty discern a 
northern and southern strain. To the former belong isarica (9 e), tramelana, clanis and possibly also segregata 
(= philomela), whilst helvetica (9 e), etobyrna and rusca are ascribable to the latter. From both ocellaris as a 
race from the South Tyrol and Carinthia is sharply distinguished, it has not yet been submitted to me from Styria 
and North Tyrol but it probably occurs there as a variety, as also in Switzerland. The northern strain is larger, has 
dark ground and band colouration, large eyespots generally without pupils on the upperside and — which is 
especially characteristic — always on the underside of the hindwings, also in the a distinct fuscous surround to 
the eyes, which here and there, as in the name-form, merge into a loose band of spots. The southern strain is 
smaller, brighter, the eyespots on upperside are smaller, often with white pupils also in the underside of 
the hindwings generally unicoloured black-brown, the band rarely indicated in white-grey and situate in it 
generally small black ocelli which are rarely surrounded with rust-red but nearly always having white pupils. 
Ruehl first described the northern strain clearly and named it isarica (9 e), it is true he incomprehensibly 
designated the colour of the bands as “fulvous” and this has induced Fruhstorfer to name the bavarian 
race clanis. Re verdin has described the race from the Swiss Jura as tramelana. It cannot be differentiated 
from the bavarian isarica which also occurs on the entire northern slopes of the Swiss and austrian Alps. 
Reverdin has also denominated as segregata the race from Gurnigel and Moleson (Bernese Alps), although 
they had already been named philomela Esp. (among others by Vorbrodt). However he may be right, as 
the latter name may not clearly indicate which form was intended, segregata is distinguishable by the diss¬ 
olution of the rust-red band on both wings into unconnected spots. The type of the above-described south¬ 
ern strain is helvetica Vorbr. (9e) formerly often erroneously named adyte IF). It occurs not only in Switzer¬ 
land, but also in the neighbouring french and italian Alps including the Ortler region, etobyrna Fruhst. from 
the Maritime Alps is said to have larger and distincter white pupils in the eyespots. This is not always the 
case. Just as little am I satisfied with rusca Fruhst., the race from the Tessin. It is said to be darker and 
smaller than helvetica from Valais. This is not a fact in larger series. Dannehl separates further from the 
southern strain mendolana from the Mendel region. It has wide Avings, ground colour deep black-brown, 
bands bright brown-red, eyespots very large with white pupils, underside generally very dusky, extraordin¬ 
arily variable, tatrica Strd. from the heights of Tatra agrees so exactly with the form of euryale (= isarica) 
from the north Alps that this name can be deemed superfluous. On the other hand the name of syrmia 
Fruhst. for the euryale form from Bosnia deserves recognition. Its characteristics are “punctiform spots in 
place of the eyespotlike subapical spot markings on all wings” and the “rectangular and regular submargin¬ 
al spots” on the upperside. The “bright rust-red eyespots” on the underside of hindwings are black without 
white pupils. Very similar to it is the race from the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria. — Considerable diffic¬ 
ulties are encountered in the euryale forms of northern Europe and North Asia. I can no longer maintain 
my standpoint that no genuine euryale occur there. It is true that kamensis Krul. certainly belongs to ligea, 
whilst euryaloides Tengst. (9 f), arctica Poppius, altaica and jenisseiensis Tryb. (9 g) probably also do and they 
are therefore dealt with there. But Elaves lays particular stress on the fact that 2 Erebia occur in the Altai 
flying together at the same locality and which belong to ligea or euryale. I myself have 2 different races 
from these mountains of which one ( altaica 0. Bang-Haas i. 1.) inclines more to ligea and the other ( minima 
antevorta. 
'pyraenaei¬ 
cola. 
phoreta. 
brutiorum. 
apennini¬ 
cola. 
clanis. 
tramelana. 
segregata. 
philomela. 
helvetica. 
etobyrna. 
rusca. 
mendolana. 
tatrica. 
syrmia. 
