152 
EREBIA. By H. Frhr v. d. Goltz. 
subcassioi- sutocassioides Vrty. occurs in the neighbouring Kottic Alps. I could not trace the original description. — 
de r s ■ carmenta Fruhst. has its habitat in Piedmont, is however also found in Tessin, it comes between aquitania 
car merit a . ± 
and murina, described below, with especially bright rust-red surrounds to the ocelli of forewings of which 
there are 4 in number in the $ with distinct white pupils. Underside of $ is still paler white-grey than 
tusca. murina. — In the Apennines of Tuscany at an altitude of 13—2000 m we find tusca Vrty. It has pro¬ 
nounced rust-red bands extending ray-like inwards, clear ocelli on all wings, underside of <$ and $ indistinct 
maiellana. and faintly marked, covered with black scales. — majellana Fruhst. from the Abruzzi mountains is the older 
name for injraargentea Vrty. It shares with tusca the ray-like extension of bands into the disc of forewing, 
but is larger according to the illustration, underside is however much paler with distinct silvery sheen, bands 
murina. are extinct. — murina Rev. from Moleson (West Switzerland) is fairly large with 2 bold ocelli on forewings 
and 3 on hindwings. The underside in $ is uniform silvery grey, in $ white-grey with 3 diffuse dentate lines. 
- According to Re verdin all Spanish, south french and italian races and most forms from the southern 
slopes of the Swiss and Austrian Alps belong to the group of cassioides Hohenw. forms, whilst further north, 
blit already in the Valais generally speaking the name-form occurs. According to Vorbrodt and Verity 
there are some exceptions to this rule. — Curiously enough all the other tyndarus forms from the Swiss 
maccdonia. and Austrian Alps have been spared fresh denominations. — The discovery of the race macedonia by Bttresch 
in parts of the macedonian Balkans is of interest. It belongs to the group of cassioides and flies in the im¬ 
mediate neighbourhood of balcanica Reb. How and to what extent it varies from other cassioides races is 
not clearly observable either from the description or illustration. The strongly marked “bright-coloured” under¬ 
side of hindwings is peculiar to it. The only specimen available to me, shows the veins standing out very 
clearly on upperside and a strongly contrasting blackish marking of underside of hindwings. -— - ottomana 
H.-Schaeff. occurring only in Greece seems to be a separate race from the two Balkan races and is accord¬ 
ingly described by Eiefinger, only the forewings have not always more than the 2 apical eyespots, whilst 
balcanica. on the hindwings 2—3 eyespots are always present. — balcanica Rbl. from Bosnia, Herzegowina, Serbia 
and Bulgaria (perhaps also Carniola) is distinguishable from it by somewhat smaller size and the more 
heavily marked, darker underside of hindwings of <$<$. A specimen in my possession from North Persia (Askh- 
(jrancasica. bad) is not distinguishable from balcanica. - grancasica Jack, from the Caucasus is close to iranica Gr.-Grsh. 
(Vol. 1, plate 37 i) but is larger, ocelli very distinct and numerous, underside of hindwings darker and more 
unicoloured. — I am not certain whether sibirica Stgr., altajana Stgr. and iranica Gr.-Grsh. are genuine local 
blanca. races. — R-ibbe has named 4 forms of hispania Btlr. as aberrations: blanca with bay coloured bands of upper- 
tresojos. side, tresojos with 3 instead of 2 white pupils in apical ocellus, muchomancha with a black dot, rarely with 
muchoman- a w hite centre, above the eyespot named, morena with reduced band of forewings, which is quite absent on 
morena. hindwings. Qberthur gives the name albana to an aberration of the $ of pyrenaea Ruelil. Here bands are 
albana. white instead of rust-red, underside silvery grey with white band on forewing and white-grey on hindwing. 
addenda. Of cassioides Hohw. aberrative specimens have been named addenda Tutt from the Dauphine with 4 eyespots 
addenda- on forewings, addenda-apicalis Rev. from Eigne with a white centred little eyespot above both apical eye- 
apicalis. S p 0 ts, depupillata Rev. from the Mont Blanc neighbourhood without white pupils in any of the eyespots, caeca 
' i>UP caeca'. ^ ev - from the same region without eyespots on forewings, whilst they are retained on hindwings. — paracleo 
par act co. Vrty. is an aberration of subcassioides with darker uniform grey underside of hindwings with distinct silvery 
galvagnii. sheen. An aberration of the $ from the Brenner territory is named galvagnii by Hellweger. It has reduced 
bands, but distinctly checked fringes, underside of lively colour “with whitish veins and a wider middle band 
less dentate towards margin”. 
afer. E. afer Esp. (Vol. 1, plate 37 h) Staitdinger (i. 1.) has named as transcaspica ( form. nov.) a small 
transcaspi- f orm f rom Achal Tekke in Transcaspia with remarkable black ground colour, especially in the G with large 
fidena. ocelli and pale red colouration of bands on underside. Whether f idem a Fruhst. also from Transcaspia is identi¬ 
cal with this it is difficult to decide in view of the obscure description. It is said to be “habitually” between 
zyxuta. the name-form and dalmata (Vol. 1, plate 37 h) the $$ “poorer in colour”, underside very pale. — zyxuta 
Fruhst. *) from the Caucasus has a “bright general colouration”, underside extensively dusted “pale grey”, 
bardines. a “transition” from the name-form to hyreana Stgr. bardines Fruhst. from the Altai is also small, the rust- 
red “patch before the ocelli on upperside of both wings diffuses almost entirely”, “the apical area of 
forewing is grey”, underside much paler than in afer from South Russia. 
pannenio. E. parmesiio Boeb. (Vol. 1, plate 35 d) 0. Bang-Haas names a finely decorated race from north and 
omatus. west China (Chingan and Richthofen Mountains) ormatus (9 h). It is rich in eyespots, the large ocelli of hind¬ 
wings with white pupils stand in wide yellow-red surrounds forming a kind of a band, apex of fore wing and 
costa are sometimes dusted over with yellow-grey dust into the middle area. 
*) This denomination is characteristic of the manner of Fruhstorfer’s work. He replaces names such as “pyre- 
naica ”, “ liercegovinensis ” by others, because various forms of Erebia, should not have the same name, but he himself gives 
the curious name of zyxuta to a form both of afer and pronoe. 
