154 
MELANARGIA. By M. Gaede. 
dscemocel- 
Icrta. 
galenides. 
vidua. 
punctata. 
perlongata. 
gemellaia. 
cpanops. 
(joriiiana. 
mclanopli- 
thalma. 
addenda. 
deubeli. 
screna. 
pygmaea. 
helalla. 
ncreus. 
florina. 
arogna. 
sale aria. 
microsakci- 
ria. 
sicula 
doris. 
gattinara. 
pyrenaica. 
trimouleii. 
Stephan it is entirely absent (Glatz). On the other hand decemocellata Delahaye has 3—4 eyespots on und¬ 
erside of forewings and 7—G on hindwings. North France. 
The jollowing forms from Southern regions belong to the procida group. 
leucomela-s Esp. is synonymous with ulbrichi Aign. As both these are described from Hungary there 
are probably no differences. The underside can be white-yellow or even brownish. These forms have not yet 
been named. galenides Preiss. (= deficiens Stauder) is a galene form of procida. Eyespots underneath are 
only dots. Carniola. — vidua Slander. On underside of hindwings the 2 eyespots between ribs 2—4 are absent. 
Gorizia. punctata Grund. On upperside of hindwings 3—4 blue-white spots, the pupils of eyespots from 
underside. Agram. perlongata Stauder. On underside of hindwings the 2 upper eyespots are elongated. 
Gorizia. — In gemellata Costa the lower of the 2 eyespots is a double eyespot. Trieste. — epanops PM. corres¬ 
ponds with galathea-epanopides, from Montenegro. goritiana Stauder. The eyespots on underside of hindwings 
are deep black, large, with coarse white-blue spots in the S and skyblue in the Generally a further eyespot 
above rib 7: the blue spots reflect through on upperside. Gorizia. If eyespots also have blue pupils on underside, 
as large as in goritiana, then we have melanophthalnia Stauder, which according to this, is scarcely differentiable 
from the Gorizia procida race. addenda Grund (= completissima Stauder). On underside of hindwings in the 
otherwise open area there is a further eyespot, eventually also another one under the apical eye on fore¬ 
wings. Styria, Gorizia, Croatia, Corfu. deubeli Silbernagel (= duplex Stauder). On underside of forewings 
above ribs 2 and 4 in each case an eyespot with blue-white pupils. The white marginal triangles are large, 
hindwings as in addenda. On upperside the pale basal spot on forewings is round, on hindwings there are 
only 2 small white spots in the black margin. Gorizia, Kronstadt. 
e) Geographic For m s. 
The north german form is deemed the type for galathea, hitherto this has not been further separated 
up. In 1910 Fruhstorfer allotted procida to the type of the Gorizia race, in 1920 however to that from the 
Isle of Procida near Naples. It may be considered identical with galinthias. As the other races form all sorts 
of gradations it is scarcely possible to decide whether they belong to the galathea or procida groups. Paler forms 
than galathea occur in North France and England, darker forms than procida in South Italy and the Balkans. 
1 . galathea Races. 
Whilst in North France pale specimens (mosleyi Oberth.) only occur and more or less commonly as 
aberrations, in England we find the constant form serena Vrty. It is less heavily marked with black. On the 
upperside of forewings the white marginal spots are large, on hindwings the eyespots are also plainly indic¬ 
ated on upperside. This is the palest existing form. On the Lake of Geneva we find a small galathea race 
in which the white spots are strongly reduced. Also the white marginal spots on hindwings are smaller: 
pygmaea Fruhst. It is allied through the form of the Swiss Jura to the North German form. — A further small 
race slightly larger than pygmaea but rather darker occurs in Algau: helalla Fruhst. In spite of its northern 
habitat it is rather like procida. Specimens from moderate altitudes in upper and lower Austria are mentioned 
by Fruhstorfer here. Allied to pygmaea and occurring in the upper Rhone Valley near Martigny there is 
a resplendent white race with wide black margin. The white cell spot in the fore wings generally circular, larger 
than in procida : nereus Fruhst. — In the South of the Simplon this is transient into florina Fruhst. It is 
larger, the white bands of forewings wider, hindwings with wide black outer margins. Also specimens from the 
North Tessin (to Fiasco) should be placed here. — Specimens from the South Tessin arogna Fruhst. are some¬ 
what different. Smaller, the black spots more extensive, strongly reminding one of procida. They are typical 
from the Lake of Lugano. — To the east of florina in the Plain of the South Tyrol we have sakaria Fruhst. 
of which the is as large as the $ found in Germany. Ground colour in the and $ yellowish. The pale 
median area of forewings and the middle band of hindwings wide. The pale marginal spots are larger than 
in procida. An extremely large $ has been named gigantea Hart, from Klobenstein (South Tyrol). — Not far 
away on the Mendel Pass a smaller mountain form microsakaria Vrty. occurs, it does not differ very much. 
sicula Std. One of the smallest races which is only faintly marked with black particularly on underside, 
especially in the <$, which is almost as pale on the upperside as the northern serena, the $ is marked some¬ 
what darker but nevertheless still similar to serena. Actually this name is superfluous although it is inter¬ 
esting that so far in the south, where otherwise the large procida races occur, we find such a small pale 
,,starvation form“ of northern appearance. Sicily. —- On the west of florina we find doris Fruhst. from Digne. 
It is smaller and darker than the northern serena. The middle and subapical bands are yellowish, narrower 
than in galathea. On the underside there is dainty but sharply outlined black trellis marking. — In Castilia we 
find again a form similar to nereus with wide white middle and subapical bands: the black border of the 
middle cell on hindwings is considerably reduced: this is gattinara Fruhst. - Between both we find in the 
Pyrenees a form similar to pygmaea on upperside, which is just as small. On the underside the black streaks 
are extremely dark, broad and clear. Eyespots large, the grey shading very pale: pyrenaica Vrty. — Here we 
must add the specimens from Toulouse on which the discocellular rib is sharply white between ribs 4 and 7 
in forewings. In the middle of costa of hindwings there is a large black spot to the middle of the wing, 
in it a fairly large white spot: tn'niouleti Dubord. 
