MELANARGIA. By M. Gaede. 
157 
the white cellspot on hindwing. Underside like suwarovius. Kashgar. — obscurior Wnulc. from east Siberia obscurior 
can scarcely differ much; minor Wnulc. for a dwarf form from the Tschany lake is a superfluous name. 
flava Sok. is probably certainly synonymous with flavescens Shug. The descriptions being in inacessible russian 
journals are valueless for this reason. It seems to be a somewhat more yellow form from the south Urals and 
north Caucasus. 
M. larissa Hbn. (Vol. 1 , p. 116 ). A few varieties are described of the race herta Him. from the Bal- larissa. 
kans. In typhia Schaw. the eyespots on upperside of hindwings (not also on underside) have disappeared in typhia. 
the black marginal band. Croatia. - schawerdae Neust. quite without eyespots on upper and undersides is schawerdae. 
typical. Gravosa. — delimbata Neust. corresponds to galathea-amarginata. Somewhat paler than herta. Shaded delbnbata. 
patches on hindwings, in which eyespots are situate, are faint, in this respect similar to adriatica Seitz, but 
the eyespots are large, sharply outlined. Gravosa. A race lydias Fruhst. from Croatia is mentioned by the lydias. 
author in describing freyeri Fruhst. The latter differs by smaller white apical spots and narrower black middle freyeri 
band on forewings. On hindwings the outermargin is as in herta, the white middle area is halfway between 
lydias and herta. Corfu. 
M. halimede Men. In this and the following species the position of the markings varies somewhat from 
the other Melanargia species, so that Houlbert created the Genus Epirnede (for halimede and mandjuriana ), 
Halimede (for jalongensis ) and Ledargia (for leda). It is possible that larvae and pupae also show differences, 
but so far nothing is known about this, so that it is advisable not to use this division, as if a practice were 
to be made of this the number of Genera woidd be enormously increased without any special benefit. — 
Now we return to halimede, Houlbert has ascertained that in the original description and illustration 2 spe¬ 
cies were mixed and names the <$ menetriesi Houlb. In Vol. 1 , plate 39 b the $ illustrated is halimede respect¬ 
ively menetriesi, the $ halimede is mandjuriana Houlb. (8 d) and he considers this a separate species. It occurs 
in Askold, Corea, Mandchuria, North China, whilst menetriesi only occurs in the Amur region (Askold). In mene¬ 
triesi the inner side of the spot at the discocellular of forewing anteriorly proceeds more or less vertically to 
costa. The white spot in anal angle is almost semicircular. The black inner edge thereof has a small projecting 
tongue under rib 2 inwards. In mandjuriana (plate 8 d) the spot at discocellular of forewing gradually bends 
towards the base. The white anal spot is smaller. The black edge of rib 2 bends inwards similarly without 
a projecting tongue. On hindwings the white marginal spots are somewhat larger than in menetriesi. The $ of 
menetriesi is somewhat more heavily black on upperside, the underside slightly yellowish. Eyespots on hind¬ 
wings appear generally to be more diffuse in menetriesi than in mandjuriana. - anophthalma Draes. is a yellow¬ 
ish form of menetriesi, on underside the eyespots are practically obsolete. Szechuan. - Houlbert considers 
ganymedes Ruehl-Heyne to be specimens with paler hindwings, but with gradually incurved spot at disco¬ 
cellular of forewing. According to this the illustration in Vol. 1 , plate 39 d (from the collection of Punge- 
ler?) cannot be right. — As the illustration of meridionalis Fldr., Vol. 1 , plate 39 c can scarcely be correct, 
we are giving here a better illustration. — pasiteles Fruhst. described in Vol. 9, p. 310 is a transition between 
halimede and lugens Honr. As extensively dark as the former but ground colour, as far as same is present, 
white, not yellowish. Shantung. — (8 b) shows the $•, the $ has smaller spots and is heavily covered with 
brown. It is presumably right to consider this a species by itself. North and central China. — In South 
China the becomes quite brown: fuscissima Houlb. 
halimede. 
menetriesi. 
mandjuria¬ 
na. 
anophthal- 
ma. 
ganymedes. 
meridiona¬ 
lis. 
pasiteles. 
fuscissima. 
M. yalongensis Houlb. ( = asiatica Oberth.) is similar to menetriesi. The discal spot of forewings proceeds in yalongensis. 
its anterior part vertically to costa, posteriorly it forms a small arc. On hindwings it is characteristic that 
the edge of the cell is only faintly developed at its anterior edge, at veins 5—7. The $ is often somewhat 
larger, hindwings somewhat yellowish, the disco-cellular somewhat darkly shaded. Szechuan and West Thibet. 
Small specimens occur at Ta-tsien-lu and Kuku-nor. These are distinguishable from leda Leech (= yunnana 
Oberth. only by the fainter dark edge to the cell on the underside of hindwing. 
M. syllius Hbst. (Vol. 1, p. 117). A transition to ixora Bsd., in which the 3 lower eyespots on upperside syllius. 
of hindwing are still present though small and without dark surrounds, is called semi-ixora Houlb. On under- lxora \ 
. , i x ° , semi-txora. 
side the veins are narrowly brown and also the upper 2 eyespots are present but all small. S. Jbranee. — semi-ple- 
semi-plesaura Houlb. scarcely differs from the original illustration of plesaura Bell. - - Besides these pale forms saura. 
also extreme dark specimens occur: limbata Neust. Forewings dusted somewhat with black. Hindwings with limbaia. 
5 mm wide black margin, eyspots and the white marginal triangles disappeared. Underneath eyespots large 
and distinct, hiibneri Oberth. from S. France which we illustrate probably corresponds with this. —- Among hubneri. 
pherusa Bsd. specimens occur having the apex of forewings darkened: apicinigra Std. or the black discairing apicinigra. 
can be filled with black, quite a regular occurrence and figured by Houlbert in Lep. Comp. 2T p. 44: discinigra discinigra. 
Std. — completissima Std. has an eyespot in the otherwise empty space above vein 3 on hindwing, semi- completissi- 
plesaura Std. = semiplesaura Houlb. All these forms from Sicily. — A race is described from Catalonia that 
reminds one of japygia. Darker than typical syllius but differentiable from japygia-catalonica by its paler 
inner margin: pseudojapygia Sag. (8 d). — The algerian form pelagia Oberth. is on the other hand similar pseudoja- 
to ines on the upperside of hindwings, to pherusa on underside. Small, ground colour white. Markings on ]t 
