SATYRUS. By M. Gaede. 
167 
side it is similar to the typical parisatis, that has more precise white bands than is shown on the illustration 
Vol. 1, plate 44 e. paupera Le Gerf is a form that corresponds to the underside of parisatis that is illustrated. 
— parsis Le Gerf upperside is about the same as laeta Ghr., on underside the white band is heavy on both wings, 
striation fainter sometimes absent. These 3 forms from Persia. — shiva Le Gerf is similar on upper and underside 
to a large macrophthalma. On underside striation denser and darker, bands very pale. Simla, India. 
S. abdelkader Pier. (Vol. 1, p. 130). nelvai Seitz (10 c) is the race from the Aures mountains and that 
is easily recognisable by the strikingly wide yellow white margins on forewings. 
S. acfaea Esp. (Vol. 1, p. 131). Following the sequence in Vol. 1 we deal first with the sub-forms 
of cordula F. — macrophthalma Hafner the description of which is not available to me, has probably in contrast 
to the following a large eyespot. Carinthia. An aberrative 3 without white pupils in eyespots is named caeca 
Schaw. Herzegowina. Besides this the race flying there and in Dalmatia is separated from cordula as serva Fruhst. 
Underside of $ forewings pale grey to middle. $ darker than cordula , on upperside uniform black-grey, eyespots 
without yellow surround. Underside of forewings less reddish, hindwings greyer. — On the southern slopes of 
the Alps and further in the South Tyrol we find orientalpium Vrty. — Then follows in the Monte Rosa region 
a large, bright coloured race with large eyespots, conspicua Vrty., the $ pale ochre-yellow only around the 
eyespots, on underside of hindwings the white patches alternating in depth. In Oulx (Turin) we find mariformis 
Vrty. which are similar to peas Hbn. $ with wide ochre-yellow band and sometimes without this band and with 
small eyespots. - orsiera Prunn. from Piedmont can scarcely he differentiated from mariformis. The description 
(of 1798) is not available. - A lai’ge number of aberrative forms has been named from South Italy: ornata 
Schultz with 4 eyespots on forewings is almost the normal type in Aspromonte. - In pentastigma Sid. these 
eyespots have pupils and also the eyespot of hindwing. excedens Std. $ has 5—6 black eyespots on fore wing, 
generally with white pujhls. Further variations of the $ form: subtusviolacea Std. Underside of hindwings 
mottled, pale violet similar to Epin. megera-lyssa. subtusvariegata Std. Underside of hindwings pale, darkly 
mottled with brown spots. Elsewhere these brown spots are referred to as subtusviolacea, so that one of these 
two names is superfluous. — megalomma Std. has eyespots almost as large as olcumi Fruhst. (Vol. 1, plate 44 f). 
All these forms from Aspromonte. — carsicola Std. Connecting with peas Hbn., with uniform chalky grey 
underside. — We now turn to a few asiatic forms: altaica Gr.-Grsh. 3 small, paler on underside, apex of fore¬ 
wings whitish, veins of hindwings grey. $ brownish on underside of forewings, costa paler. Hindwings diffused 
whitish at anal angle and outer margin, veins white, densely and darkly striated. Altai. — rickinersi v. Ros. <$ 
on upperside similar to cordula. Underside paler, the white dots on forewing elongated. On both wings a grey 
marginal band edged with dark, that is distincter on hindwings. The $ either like actaea, that is to say slightly 
paler on upperside or with pale ground colour and wide pale band in which are situate 2 large white eyespots 
and 2 dots. Underside of hindwing almost unicoloured grey-brown. Shakli-su valley. — All new actaea races 
with only one exception emanate from Spain. — espunae Rbb. (= espunaensis Korb.). As large as cordula. 
The two blue-white spots stand out more clearly on underside. Hindwings on underside with sharply dentate 
middle line and wide white edge and besides a white submarginal band. South Spain. — podarcina Fruhst. is 
really similar to a small espunae. G smaller than actaea. Underside with distinct white submarginal band. 
$ often with wide pale band on upperside, sharply edged similar to cordula. On underside of hindwings in 
and $ the white middle band is wide. Sierra de Alfacar. - castiliana Frulist. The $ has smaller black eyespots. 
nevadensis Rbb. is not much different. — bellorum Vrty. comes between the latter and typical actaea from the 
South of France. The arcuate middle band of underside of hindwings is similar to actaea. In nevadensis and 
the subsequent maroccana the hindwing is shortened at the anal angle and the band is compressed almost to a 
right angle in the middle of the wing. But the ground colour is more uniform, as the striation is finer and less 
dense, the white patches can be quite absent. The $ is almost as dark as the $ on underside. Cuenca 1200 m. 
monteiroi Mendes has underside of hindwings more heavily mottled with white and black, more extensively 
with black than brown. Marginal band similarly coloured and just as wide as middle band, not narrower. 
G very glossy violet on upperside, £ less pale than actaea Sub-forms to this are 1) podarce 0. without 
violet sheen, the black-brown ground colour paler. $ on upperside with only 1 eyespot on forewing upperside 
and 2 further white dots. 2) matozzi-§ Mendes. On underside of hindwings the middle band is almost obsolete, 
fore wings upperside as podarce. 3) herminia-$ Mendes. On upper and undersides no pale submarginal bands, 
only eyespots with yellow ringlets. Sierra de Estrella. maroccana Luc. (= atlantea Vrty.). Both wings 
darker on underside. Forewing eyespot with fine yellow surround, apex not white-grey. Middle and marginal 
lines on hindwing less dentate, without white edge distally. $ on upperside of hindwing with wide yellow 
marginal band. According to Oberthur the race is very variable. The $ often has a few further white dots 
on underside below the apical eyespot. Some $$ are uniformly golden brown on underside, others have 2 white 
bands on hindwings. “The” Spanish form (meanwhile there have been 4!) according to Oberthur does not 
differ from atlantea-maroccana. The extremely old description of calabra Costa was not available to me. 
Now follow a few races that form a transition between actaea and cordula : — biocellata Pionn. On forewing 
on upper and underside 2 eyespots clearly visible similar to virbius H.-Schdff. The latter is smaller and the 
more unicolourous on underside. Belgium. — actaeina Oberth. very close to cordula , but not so small as actaea. 
From Briancon and the Monte Majella. — ferulaeformis Vrty. has on upper and underside of forewings 2 
eyespots with white pupils and between them 2 white dots as cordula (= ferula F.). On underside of hindwings 
paupera. 
parsis. 
abdelkader . 
nelvai. 
actaea. 
macroph¬ 
thalma. 
caeca. 
serva. 
orientalpi¬ 
um. 
conspicua. 
mariformis 
orsiera. 
ornata. 
pentastig- 
ma. 
excedens. 
subtusvio¬ 
lacea. 
subtusva¬ 
riegata. 
megalom¬ 
ma. 
carsicola. 
altaica. 
rickmersi. 
espunae. 
podarcina. 
castiliana. 
bellorum. 
monteiroi. 
matozzi. 
herminia. 
maroccana. 
biocellata. 
actaeina. 
ferulaefor¬ 
mis. 
