170 
PARARGE. By M. Gaede. 
pannonia 
praegrandis 
falcidia. 
sestia. 
maera. 
t drops, 
operta. 
occaeratci. 
extincta 
iriops. 
mezzaluna. 
transfucata. 
borealis. 
ordona. 
nevadensis. 
meade-ival- 
doi. 
alluaudi. 
herdonia. 
posfherdo- 
nia. 
leucocinia. 
superlata. 
orientalpi- 
na. 
sylimbria. 
adrastaefor- 
mis. 
extralunata. 
atabyris. 
crimaea. 
minuscula. 
achine. 
lcurilensis. 
Icarafutonis. 
chosensis. 
mendolen- 
sis. 
minuta. 
althaea. 
underground. Underside darker blue-grey than usual. pannonia Vrty. from Hungary still larger than calidia. 
Red-yellow spots of forewings more reddish. It reminds one of maera by contour of wings and pale grey underside. 
. - - praegrandis Fruhsl. differs from pannonia only by dark smoke-brown underside. Saratov. — falcidia Fruhst. 
more pointed forewings than ominata and androconia spot wider. Underside of forewings paler being more 
strongly marked with yellow and grey. Hindwings with wide pale violet-grey marginal area, sharply outlined. 
Kentei. — sestia Fruhst. smaller ocelli than falcidia. Here ochre-yellow rings are darker and narrower. Red spots 
on underside of forewing more distinct. Hindwings paler grey, black middle band heavy. Altai. 
P. maera L. (Vol. 1, p. 135). tetrops Rbl. has besides the white bipupilled apical eyespots on forewings 
a further eyespot each in cells 6 and 3 and on hindwings a large eyespot each in cells 2 and 3. operta Schtz. 
has a blind apical eyespot on forewings and further the 2 middle eyespots of hindwings also blind, occaecata 
Schtz. is without eyespots on hindwings; extincta Schtz. is without eyespots also on forewings. In triops Fuchs 
(= biocellata Krodel) the apical eyespot is double and beneath it a further eyespot. In the upper Inn Valley 
one fairly frequently finds specimens in which the apical eyespot is margined proximally first black, then pale 
crescent shaped: mezzaluna Std. — transfucata Cab. is probably brownish on underside. — Typical maera are 
described from Sweden, borealis Fuchs from Norway will be similar. Forewings in $ and $ have a red-yellow 
marginal band similar to adrasta, but posteriorly to the base as dark as maera, underside of both wings blackish 
not brownish. North and east german specimens are not separately denominated. Fruhstoreer denominates 
the bavarian race illustrated in Vol. 1, plate 45 d, as ordona, it is said to be identical with that from the warmer 
Eisack Valley in the South Tyrol. Typical adrasta Rbn. are limited, according to Verity, to the southern 
regions of France. Similar forms are divided into 3 groups. 1 .) More or less typical: maja Fuchs, as 2nd generation 
on the Rhine. nevadensis Oberth. from Spain and Morocco is a small adrasta form. - meade-waldoi-$ Rothsch., 
also from Morocco is a high altitude form, only the band is deep red-brown being paler at the apical eyespot. 
The eyespots of hindwings have a large white pupil with a narrow black ringlet and narrow red-brown surround. 
A 3rd form from Morocco alluaudi Oberth. is large. It is darker than sicula Stgr. on upperside and as dark brown 
as monotonia Schilde from Esthlancl on underside. Similar specimens are found in the Maritime Alps. — 2.) The 
group of alpine races forming a transition to maera. herdonia Fruhst. is a paler transition to adrasta. Savoy, 
Piedmont. The 2nd generation is differentiated by the name postherdonia Vrty. and through its more pointed 
androconia. In Zermatt we find among these also $$ with chestnut-brown suffusion on the forewings: 
leucocinia Fruhst. (= postleucocinia Vrty.). The form from Tessin superlata Vrty. is brightly coloured both 
on upper and undersides. Hindwings with wider bands than herdonia on underside. — orientalpina Vrty. from 
the South Tyrol, from the Mendel and the Cadore Valley form a gradation between the North and South races, 
on the upperside they are more similar to ordona Fruhst., on the underside to herdonia. — Verity denominates 
the 2nd generation in many races with the prefix “post"-, it is unnecessary to mention them here, for instance 
post orientalpina is still named; the differences in all cases are immaterial. — sylimbria Fruhst. forms a transition 
to montana Horm. and differing from adrasta by the darker <$ and $, with smaller eyespots on underside of 
hindwings. Dalmatia. 3.) The group of races from the Italian Peninsular, similar to the former, but smaller. 
vulgaris Vrty. ( = anteapennina Vrty.) and apennina Vrty. Small, with wing expanse 38—40 mm. Hindwings 
often suffused with red-brown on underside. Apennines. These 3 names for a small leucocinia might be deemed 
superfluous. A few d'c? are found in Tuscany identical with genuine adrasta in the bright colour. More rarely 
in the $ and this race has been named adrastaeformis Vrty. More frequently found in South Italy f. i. in Province 
Caserta, forming a transition to sicula Stgr. : extralunata Vrty. polsensis Std. differs little. <$ larger and therefore 
also with larger eyespots. On hindwings on upperside 4 eyespots all with white pupils, ground colour on upperside 
a rich dark brown, like adrastoides Bien. from Persia. Hindwings of $ rusty brownish on underside with 2 dark 
brown dentate bands close to base. $ also much darker than sicula. Aspromonte. — The eastern races joining 
up with orientalis Stgr. are: atabyris Fruhst. darker than orientalis especially on forewings. Eyespots on hind¬ 
wings have heavy white pupils, with wide red-brown surrounds. Rhodes Island. — crimaea 0. B.-H. As dark as 
hiera on upperside, brown outer marginal spots of both wings faintly developed. Paler than hiera on underside 
and darker than orientalis. Krim. praegrandis Fruhst. from South Russia probably identical. 
P. minuscula Oberth. (10 d) upperside like deidamia Ev., but double apical eyespot on fore wings like 
the largest maera. Underside of fore wings not reddish, but as grey-brown as maera on hindwings. Ta-tsien-lu. 
P. achine (Vol. 1, p. 136). kurilensis Mats. Eyespot in area 2 of forewings is much smaller than that in 
area 3, it is quite absent on the hindwings whilst in karafutonis Mats, it occurs but is small and nevertheless 
distinct. On underside all eyespots are large except the one in area 2 of forewings whilst in karafutonis it is 
larger than that in area 3. On hindwings the inner white margination of eyespots is wide anteriorly but narrow 
in the posterior 4 eyespots, the traverse rib is broadly white. Kurile Islands. - chosensis Mats, differs from 
achinoides Btlr. by the very faint white outer band on forewings. The yellow ringlets round the eyespots are 
very narrow; also the white band on underside is narrow. Ground colour is darker on upper and undersides; 
Korea. - mendolensis Dhl. The yellow surround of the large eyespots is reduced. On underside the band within 
the eyespots is very wide. Mendel (S. Tyrol). It is said to differ from the mendelensis Lowe dealt with in Vol. 1, 
but this seems improbable. — minuta Schultz, has small ocelli which entirely disappear in theextrem eanophthalma 
Oberth. — In althaea Rbl. they are absent on forewings and underside of hindwings margin more widely white 
