172 
EPINEPHELE. By M. Gaede. 
lugens. 
caeca. 
bimaculata. 
pallidemar- 
ginata. 
virginalis. 
britanniae. 
etrusca. 
fulgens. 
decolorata. 
cid. 
pulchella. 
chitralica. 
baroghila. 
astorica. 
cheena. 
chitralica. 
jurtina. 
nana. 
parvula. 
semialba. 
griseo- 
argentacea. 
grisea- 
aurea. 
grisea. 
illustris. 
marmorea. 
testacea. 
wautieri. 
dextro- 
albescen-s. 
fracta. 
nigrorubra. 
phormia 
nuragifor- 
mis. 
subhispulla. 
praehis- 
pulla. 
emihispulla. 
tithonifor- 
mis. 
liitenei. 
ilhmiinata. 
telmessiae- 
f or mis. 
persica. 
lugens Oberth. marginal band of forewings wide, stretching beyond apical eyespot, in hindwings only the 
middle is faintly lighter. — caeca Tutt has eyespots without pupils. bimaculata Guss. has two white spots on 
upperside of hindwings. — pallidemarginata Oberth. has a pale yellow margin to all wings. - - virginalis Obertli. 
has white ground colour, pallescens Cock, is similar. Specimens with supernumerary eyespots are called 
excessa Tutt, multiocellata Oberth., quadrijmnctata Vorbr., tithonellus Strd., the latter with reddish ground colour. 
- The typical race of tithonus is the german one; britanniae Vrty. has $ and $ in deep red-brown ground colour, 
the dark marginal band wider, especially on hindwings; in the £ the androconia band is wider. Up to 5 eyespots 
on forewings and 3 on hindwings. Eyespots also in fulgens Trti. from Sicily are the same; on underside they are 
quite the reverse, britanniae is light nutbrown to the base of hindwings, with darker marginal band. Eyespots 
with sharply outlined yellow ringlets. England. — Whilst the form from the coast of Tuscany resembles the mid- 
european form, we find in the dry cooller mountain regions a yellowish form, often very pale in the $ with almost 
grey marginal band: etrusca Vrty. In the $ the base of fore wings is not adumbrated, the androconia spot is smaller, 
grey or yellowish-red, the marginal band narrow, apical eyespot small. On underside the apex of forewing and 
hindwing brilliant yellow. Monte Conca, Florence. Transitions to the form from the sea board have again been 
separated as transiens Vrty. fulgens Trti. from Sardinia and Sicily is similar on underside, whilst on upperside 
the black is extensive. — Of the Spanish races decolorata Fruhst. is probably similar to etrusca. The underside of 
hindwings is pale yellow admixed with grey. A dry season form from Andalusia. — On the other hand cid Sag. 
is small, the black marginal band is narrower. The underside of hindwings more unicolorous dark whilst it is 
a nice yellow in etrusca Vrty., with which it is similar on upperside. Barcelona. 
E. pulchella Fldr. (Vol. 1, p. 140, plate 48 a). Pulchra Fldr. is separated into 3 forms. — chitralica Tytl. 
size between neoza and pulchra from Gilgit. $ rather more brightly coloured than neoza. Chitral, below 9000'. 
baroghila Tytl. smallest of all races and inclined to be paler. On underside of hindwings small pale yellow 
spots in cell and outwardly on the dark discal band. N.E. Chitral, over 9000', Afghanistan. - astorica Tytl. 
is as large as typical pulchra Fldr. from Lahoul, smaller than neoza. $ yellow in disc on upperside of forewings 
as pulchella Fldr. with pale yellow ring round black apical eyespot which is absent in pulchella. Ladak. 
E. cheena Mr. Besides the form from Kashmir, chitralica Tytl. is still separated. It is a small form, 
only as large as kaschmirica Mr. According to the description this is the only difference. Chitral. 
E. jurtina L. (Vol. 1, p. 140). Dwarf forms are nana Steph. and parvula (of hispulla) Std. Specimens 
that are more or less albinotic are semialba Bruand, griseo-argentacea Oberth. and grisea-aurea Oberth. being 
grey-white or grey-yellow, - grisea Tutt has a pale grey band on the underside of hindwings. — illustris $ 
Jach. is pale brownish-grey, hindwings with a light spot similar to hispulla. — marmorea Lamb, has both wings 
marbled on upperside with grey-blue, underside normal. testacea Schille. Forewings chocolate brown, 
yellowish-white towards apex. The dark androconia spot is very striking. Hindwings somewhat paler with 
darker margin and ribs. — wautieri Lamb. A white patch around the apical eyespot running parallel inwards 
to the costa on forewing. A kind of pale outer band on hinclwing, it does not extend as far as the costa and 
inner margin. — dextro-albescens Tutt which is pale on one side has also been named. — fracta Ziveig. Pale 
outer band behind the cell on hindwings is interrupted by a dark mark. — nigrorubra-^ Lamb, is dark on 
upperside like an Erebia, the apical eyespot has a red surround. The underside of forewings is vermilion, 
hindwings unicoloured reddish-brown. In regard to the variations of eyespots, oblitescens-Q Schtz. (not 
obliterans) has the apical eyespot as small as otherwise in the d'; in caeca Rbl. it is without pupils, caeca Ksien. 
(= caecoides Strd.) is probably the same. In inocellata Kiss apical eyespot of forewings is absent, anommata 
( anomala ) Vrty. is the same, bioculata Rbl. has apical eyespot of forewings bipupilled white, in erymanthoides Strd. 
besides an eyespot in area 2. — hispulla-pauper Vrty. corresponds to jurtina-oblitescens. — In Brittany the 
colour of surround of apical eyespot varies from normal reddish-brown via creamy-yellow to white, for which 
4 names: intermedia, semialba, tincta, alba Blackie. — A specimen with an incurved costa to the forewings has been 
called costa-cava Cab., but the main point, the nervure formation, is not described. —According to Verity the 
type of jurtina L. is later on named fortunata Alph. (from N. Africa and Canary Islands) the north european race 
should be called janira L. ; hispulla Hbn., typical from Portugal and Sardinia is smaller but otherwise like fortunata. 
According to this all recently described races, except those of telmessia, form transitions from janira to hispulla. 
The northernmost is phormia Fruhst. from S. Tyrol. Yellow-red middle band on upperside of hindwings absent 
in $. In comparison to mid italian specimens it varies by its smallness and more acute apex. - nuragiformis-$ 
Vrty. Eorewings with more extensive red-yellow, brown only at costa and inner margin. Hindwings similar 
to hispulla, among janira from the Lago Maggiore. — subhispulla Strd. described from Holland according to 
Verity also occurring in N.W. Italy, is a transition to hispulla by more extensive reddishness. — praellispulla 
Vrty., the race from Florence has a rounder apex to forewings, the outer margin somewhat curved, very variable. 
Between phormia and hispulla. - emihispulla Vrty., the race from Elba, comes between these two; further 
differences are not indicated. tithoniformis- $ Vrty. from Corsica and Sardinia is extensively red-yellow on 
both wings, apical eyespot very large, underside like hispulla. Also on upperside differences from same are not 
very distinct. — Among the eastern forms we have in the North huenei- 2 Krul. The ochre-yellow marginal 
band is very adumbrated similar to maera-monotonia. Wiatka. — illuminata-^ Krul. has a pale band indicated 
on hindwings thereby resembling hispulla. South Russia, Asia Minor. — telmessiaeformis Vrty. are specimens 
of jurtina that look like telmessia but differ in the genitals. In the “East”. ■— persica-c? le-Cerf. Similar to 
