EPINEPHELE. By M. Gaede. 
173 
hispulla, but the ground colour is less bright. The fur-like hair scales of forewings are denser, the apical eyespot 
small, androconia as in hispulla. The forewings on underside uni-coloured dull yellow, outer margin wide, apical 
eyespot normal. Hinclwings brown-grey with indistinct band. $ similar to jurtina but larger. N. Persia, 
ghilanica le-Cerf differs from persica only in the genitals. N. Persia. - Graves recently described 3 further 
races: splendida ( Buck.-White) Graves (11 g) from N.W. Scotland, a large pale race, the apical eyespot often 
bipupilled. The strongly iridescent on upperside. In the 2 the yellow-red band on forewings is wide and 
extends almost to the base, on hindwings it is only weakly developed. On underside in the the band on 
forewings is approximately the same reddish-yellow to the middle of the wings, the hindwings are uniform 
dark smoky-brown almost without band. In the $ the band on fore wings seems to contrast as more yellowish 
from the more reddish middle of the wings. On hindwings the band is bluish-brown, proximally more or less 
ochre-brown and sharply outlined. Similar specimens are* said to occur in Capri. In iernes Graves (11 g) the 
approaches the normal 2 through the distinct band on forewings, on hindwings it has a long faint band, 
moderately lighter than the dark ground. In the $ the reddish-yellow band only extends indistinctly to the 
middle of the wings and this extension is always separated from the band by some of the darker ground colour. 
On underside the has similarity with the typical $. The $ has a fairly sharply outlined band on the underside 
of forewings, approximately in the colour of the upperside, the band on hindwings is more brownish, similarly 
sharply outlined. From Kerry and Sligo in Ireland. — As in the other races specimens occur here that belong 
to grisea Tutt (see above) or to erymanthea Hbn. (in Vol. 1 erroneously given as exymanthea). A $ with pro¬ 
nounced band on upperside of hindwings has been na med feminea Graves. — English specimens (G) rarely approach 
iernes, when they show more yellowish-reel colouration on upperside, this occurs as a patch around the eyespot 
and not as a band: ierniformis Graves. According to the author such specimens occur almost eve^where. - 
cassiteridum Graves (11 g) the race from the Scilly Islands is similar to iernes on upperside. In the $ the bands 
on underside of both wings are wide, moderately sharply outlined, on hindwings there are 2—4 eyespot dots 
therein. In $ band on underside of both wings narrower in the distal half, eyespot dots present on hindwings. 
Both sexes somewhat paler than other races, but less pale than Swedish race, which the author considers is typical 
and with more sharply outlined bands than in Sweden, more bestrewn with black scales especially in 2. 
E. telmessia Z. is now considered a separate species from jurtina. — oreas le-Cerf. (11 g). The light band 
of forewings does not penetrate so far proximally to the disco-cellular as is typical, but it seems to be equally 
wide throughout. The apical eyespot inclines to the formation of satellites. The band in the $ is similar, the 
discal area is not pale. N. Persia. masiiolides le Cerf. The apical eyespot is double as large, with distinct 
yellow surround, whilst the band is so faint that it almost disappears. N. Persia. Also kurdistana Buhl belongs 
here and not to jurtina. According to Riley oreas is identical with pallescens Btlr., which was not mentioned 
i?i Vol. 1. It is described in the Catalogue of Satyridae, British Museum, p. 65 (1868). 
E. cypricola Graves. These specimens from Cyprus depicted in Vol. 1, pi. 47 b as telmessia differ by genitals 
from telmessia from Syria and Asia Minor. In cypricola androconia spot is long and pointed at upper end extending 
almost to eyespot, in telmessia it reaches only to rib No. 3 being shorter and wider. Light outer band in telmessia 
extends further inwards between ribs 3 and 4. In $ of cypricola pale marginal band contrasts more strongly from 
disc on underside of forewings, and outer margin of outer band on hindwings is more distinct than in telmessia. 
E. nurag Ghil. (Vol. 1, p. 141, pi. 47 c). In this species dark specimens occur reminding of jurtina-^ and 
fortunata jurtinoides Trti. Pale specimens with a more or less red-yellow ground colour and dark margin, like 
tithonus and ida, also occur: tithonioides Trti. Both from Sardinia. 
E. iycaon Bott. (Vol. 1, p. 141, plate 47 d). Still further names have been added to the many names 
already existing. - permagnocellata Trti. & Vrty. have very large eyespots on fore wings; boopsis-? Sheld. 
has a very large lower eyespot on fore wings; gynoides-d' Mussch. has a 2nd female eyesjiot on forewings; wheeleri 
Mussch. has 3 eyespots on forewings in the G and $; excedens Std. has supernumerary eyespots on underside of 
hindwings; pavonia Voelsch. is a form with numerous eyespots. - In schlosseri-$ Voelsch. the lower eyespot on 
forewings is absent, in demaculata-$ Schtz. (lusca-Q Schtz.) the apical ej^espot is missing. — Pale specimens are: 
albida Skala, ground colour yellow-brown; augusfa Sterzl, ground colour ochre-yellow; subalbida Schtz. has 
white spots on the forewings. - The distribution of the newly described races is not always definitely certain 
as lately rhamnusia-lupinus is separated as a species by itself and this division has not been taken into consider¬ 
ation in the descriptions. nyctimos Dhl. is a dark race with small eyespots in a bright pale brown band. On 
underside unicoloured bright grey-brown. Similarly analampra which however has wider wings. Vintschgau. 
— Switzerland has given us more names: ephisius Fruhst. Frequently on upperside pale as german specimens 
in the middle area of the forewings, especially in the $, underside of hindwings greyer ; scarcely different from 
Iycaon. Valais. - okeanina Fruhst. is similar, %rd larger, the forewings appear paler, the eyespots on underside 
larger. Geneva. - The author himself describes the following as mere sub-forms: fluminius Fruhst. $ smaller, 
in the $ and $ the pale areas are duller (Valais) and lycosura Fruhst.., a large fluminius, with larger black 
eyespots; from the Maritime Alps. — gaillardi Vrty. differing from the neighbouring races lycosura Fruhst., 
ephisius Fruhst. and okeanina Fruhst. and reminding one of analampra Trti. from dry warm climates, to which 
this form represents a transition. Dep. Var. — quercii Vrty. differing strongly through the underside from 
macrophthalama Fruhst. Both central stripes and the submarginal lunules narrowly surrounded with black 
ghilanica. 
splendida. 
iernes. 
ierniformis. 
cassiteri¬ 
dum. 
telmessia. 
oreas. 
maniolides. 
cypricola. 
nurag. 
jurtinoides. 
tithonioides. 
Iycaon. 
pcrmagno ■ 
cellata. 
boopsis. 
gynoidcs. 
wheeleri. 
excedens. 
pavonia. 
schlosseri. 
demaculata. 
albida. 
augusta. 
subalbida. 
nyctimos. 
ephisius. 
okeanina. 
fluminius. 
lycosura. 
gaillardi. 
quercii. 
