176 
COENONYMPHA. By M. Gaede. 
epiphylea. 
saleviana. 
balestrei. 
macromma. 
Iriumphans. 
tenuelimbo . 
huebneri. 
gracilis, 
op posit a. 
euthymia. 
lyrrhena. 
clorinda. 
parvinsu- 
brica. 
tergestina. 
maesta. 
caucasica. 
bavarica. 
obscura. 
caeca. 
macro- 
phthalma. 
orientalis. 
carnica. 
chrysoaspi- 
da. 
arcani- 
oides. 
holli. 
biocellata. 
vaucheri. 
mediocellis. 
corinna. 
ano- 
phthalmica. 
caeca. 
macro¬ 
phthalmica. 
saturata. 
nigricans. 
energica. 
gynandra. 
lefebvrei. 
altera. 
satyrion occurs at higher altitudes and is smaller. On upperside the brown is generally covered by grey hairs. 
The apex and outer margin on underside of forewings is grey, base of hindwings green-grey, epiphylea Rbl., 
the sub-form to same, flies at lower altitudes and is larger. The forewings are more brown, rarely uniform 
black-brown on upperside, eyespots on underside are larger. The $ is pale brown with dark margins on forewings 
and sometimes the eyespots reflect through from underneath. As neither Verity nor Fruhstorfer can make 
a distinction between arcania and satyrion, which are now considered separate species, it cannot be determined 
which of the arcania races mentioned here are actually satyrion. According to Verity arcania L. and amyntas 
Scop, based on the race from Carniola and cephalus Fourc. from Paris, are synonymous; this opinion, which may 
quite likely be correct, does not fit in well with the favourite pastime of separating races. Also saleviana Fruhst. 
is considered by him to be synonymous although it has a narrow black margin on fore wings. $ similar to orientalis 
Rbl. on upperside, 9 similar to balestrei Fruhst., but not such a pale yellow-brown. Geneva. 
There are 2 arcania races described from the Maritime Alps. Both are large and have wide white bands 
on underside of hindwings. In balestrei Fruhst. the eyespots are small, in macromma Trti. & Vrty. they are 
large. A further race with large eyespots is triumphans Fruhst. from Berchtesgaden in which the apical eyespot 
of forewings is often double. — tenuelimbo Vrty. from the Italian Peninsular, South France and Catalonia 
embraces balestrei and macromma, it is large with wide white bands on underside, upperside as light as balestrei. 
huebneri- $ Oberth. specimens are found intermingled with these, having a red-yellow patch in the middle on 
the upperside of hindwings. The 2nd generation of this has been named gracilis Vrty. - opposita Vrty. is also 
a large race, the dark margin on upperside is narrow in the and §, both sexes show a warm dark rust-brown 
colouration. A light band stretches from apical eyespot almost to the inner margin on underside of forewings, 
the white band of hindwings is wide. Aspromonte. In the description of this race it is stated: tenuelimbo is 
somewhat smaller than opposita, the often somewhat darker on upperside of fore wing. Previously it had been 
said "large, pale like balestrei” ! — euthymia Dhl. differs from tenuelimbo chiefly owing to the band of the hind¬ 
wings reflecting through on upperside and through the generally absent apical eyespot there. — tyrrhena Std. 
also from Aspromonte is compared by the author with macromma. The dark margin on the upperside however 
is wide whilst in Verity’s race it is narrow. — clorinda Sag. attaches itself to huebneri, it differs through the 
extensive yellow towards the anal angle of hindwing. — To the insubrica group belong parvinsubrica Vrty., chiefly 
separated owing to its smallness. Typical from the Alps of Carinthia and also from Oulx (N.W. Italy). - 
tergestina Vrty. has in contrast to it a yellow-red basal half of the forewing on underside instead of grey with 
bluish sheen and the band of hindwings is yellow instead of white. Trieste. — To be classified here also is 
maesta Vrty. Upperside a warm nut-brown instead of yellow-red, underside very dark. Gedre. — Besides this 
caucasica Jack. It is large, black margin on upperside of forewings narrow, white band on underside of hindwings 
narrow, eyespots large. N. Caucasus. — To the satyrion group is classified: bavarica Osth. Upperside dark 
similar to obscura Ruhl, hindwings grey-green on underside, eyespots very small, consequently the pale marginal 
band appears to be wide. Berchtesgaden. - obscura Ruhl (= unicolor Wheel.) is brown-black or grey-black 
on upperside, whilst bavarica is only dark brown. Among both races specimens are found without eyespots: 
caeca Wheel. — macrophthalma Galv. is similar to a large satyrion on upperside, the white band on underside 
of hindwings is strongly undulate with very large eyespots. Karawanken. — orientalis Rbl. $ ochre-brown on 
upperside of forewings, with double apical eyespot on underside. Bosnia. (Specimens in the Pungeler 
Collection however are just as dark on the upperside as satyrion, underside with normal eyespots.) In $ fore wing 
with yellow-red on upperside, the narrow dark margin with a red-brown separating line on both wings. In hindwings 
both in and $ eyespots strongly reflected through on upperside. On underside of $ the metallic line heavy on 
both wings, eyespots large. —- camica Nitsche from the Julian and Carinthian Alps resembles arcania on upperside, 
on underside size of eyespots lies between epiphilea Rbl. and macrophthalmica Galv. chrysoaspida Fruhst. 
differs from orientalis by narrow dark margin on upperside, pale band on underside of hindwings narrow, somewhat 
yellowish, undulating inwards. Serbia, S. Russia. The names philedarwiniana Vrty. and insubridarwiniana Vrty. 
indicate that the author considered these to be transition races without distinct characteristics. 
C. arcanioides Pier. (Vol. 1, p. 144, plate 48 e). holli Oberth. (Ilf) represents the 2nd generation, smaller, 
darker. The dark margin of forewings is wider, underside also is darker. Among the $ and $ are specimens 
having a supernumerary small eyespot on underside of forewings above the inner margin: biocellata Oberth. 
On the other hand the name major Seitz (for the 1st generation) is to be withdrawn. 
C. vaucheri Blach. (Vol. 1, p. 145, plate 48 e). mediocellis Le Cerf. Eyespots of forewings are small, 
oval, separate or only faintly conjoined, forming a band on underside. Atlas. 
C. corinna Him. (Vol. 1, p. 145, plate 48 f). A journey to Corsica has produced the following names for 
aberrations: anophthalmica Bub. Forewings without eyespots on upperside, black margin narrow; caeca Bub. 
Hindwings without eyespots; macrophthalmica Bub. has larger eyespots on underside of hindwings; saturata 
Bub. Ground colour on upperside a rich red-brown; in nigricans-^' Bub. the black margin penetrates almost 
to the middle of the wings, the rest of both wings is darker. energica-^ Bub. only the margin of both wings is 
broader and deeper black so that the eyespot of forewing is embedded therein, gynandra- c J Bub. with narrow 
dark margin otherwise as in the $. — lefebvrei Rag. (Ilf) has relatively large eyespots on underside of both 
wings. Sicily. — altera Vrty. is the 2nd generation of elbana Stdgr. Smaller, paler on both sides, eyespots small. 
