178 
COENONYMPHA. By M. Gaede. 
type, the black margin narrow and glossy, fringes not quite so light. The pale band on underside of forewings 
is absent or in the $ is only indicated at costa. PTnderside of hindwings uniformly pale grey with greenish or 
yellowish sheen, eyespots indistinct or absent, the pale band only narrowly present at costa, often yellowish. 
emilyllus. Among these murina Vrty. (see above) also occur. The 2nd generation has many names: emilyllus Vrty. with 
aestivalis, pale, reddish-brown underside with outstanding markings and large eyespots. Typical of Florence. — aestivalis 
Rocci, the pale summer form that occurs in North and Central Italy. Besides there is a postaustralis Vrty. in 
lafenigrala . N. W. Italy (Oulx). In damp climates along the coast the black band is broadly developed: latenigrata Vrty. 
The distribution of australis extends eastwards as far as the South Tyrol. Yet one finds in the region around 
Lago Maggiore a form that on the upperside reminds one of latenigrata, but is grey on the underside with a 
blue-green sheen at base, the white patches of hindwings extinct, also the eyespots, therefore somewhat like 
fcrrca. the dry season form from Sardinia, it is named ferrea Vrty. ( postferrea Vrty.). Further eastwards we find 
galvagnii. galvagtliUSVd. The 1st generation in colouration similar to E. ida. Apical eyespot often double, the wide dark 
margin of hindwings often jutting out along the veins. Underside of hindwings suffused with violet-brown, 
eyespot dots with silvery gloss. In the lagoons of Istria. Perhaps the same as latenigrata Vrty. A specimen 
nigrita. with especially heavily blackened hindwings is named nigrita Std. 
c) lyllus group. 
The named lyllus Esp. is applied to the 2nd generation typical of Portugal, distributed over S. Spain, 
Algiers, Sardinia and Corsica. Despite this, Verity has named innumerable sub-races. The 1st generation 
in S. Spain has a paler thin antemarginal line, interrupted on hindwing. On underside it contains a few silvery 
antelyllus. scales, hindwing is a rich brown-grey and not pale yellow: antelyllus Vrty. In N. Africa the 1st generation 
arenosa. arenosa Vrty. is large, upperside pale ochre-yellow, underside reddish ochre, dusted with black. The 2nd 
atlantea. generation has 3 names: 1) aflantea Vrty. is said to be the form illustrated as thyrsides in Vol. 1, pi. 48 g. It is 
darker on both sides than genuine thyrsides Stgr. from Syria, reminding one of vaucheri ( thyrsides is a lyllus with 
latevittata. sharply pronounced eyespots). 2) latevittata Vrty. with wide dark margin in front of the light antemarginal 
gigas. line, diffuse inwards, eyespots therein bordered with the ground colour. 3) gigas Vrty. is a very large lyllus 
26—35 mm wing expanse. This also occurs at Palermo, sicida Z. is said to be the 1st generation of this in Sicily, 
lyllides. it is probably a gradation between arenosa and antelyllus. In Sardinia the 1st generation is named lyllides Vrty., 
the narrow dark marginal band is still finely separated from the dark marginal line by a light line on both 
deter sa. wings. Sometimes this margin is more or less absent and also the apical eyespot: detersa Vrty. On the other 
hand most specimens have a further small eyespot above the inner margin on underside of fore wing and 5—6 small 
eyespots on hindwing. On the hindwings the dark basal patch is sharply cut off, similar to scota, but without 
torrida. the white middle band of same. The 2nd generation torrida Vrty. is completely pale ochre-yellow on underside, 
almost without markings, similar to the race from Algiers, but differing from same on upperside. It occurs at 
nitidissivia. very hot localities. — In Syria and Askabad the 1st generation nitidissima Vrty. is bright ochre-yellow on 
upperside, sometimes somewhat grey before the margin of hindwings, with 2—3 distinct little eyespots therein; 
generally the apical eyespot of forewings is missing. Underside of hindwings is grey with green sheen, the 
white patches vary. The 2nd generation is thyrsides Stgr. already mentioned above. Further east we find 
orantia. orantia Fruhst. similar to pavonina Alph. (Vol. 1, p. 146), ground colour light yellow. Apical eyespot reflecting 
. through. Apex of underside of forewings slightly grey. Outer half of hindwings suffused pale yellowish. Kashgar. 
As no author can understand the descriptions of another with accuracy, Verity only presumes that same 
may possibly be classified between thyrsides and centralasiae (see below). 
d) ihyrsis group. 
This species or form is dealt with in Vol. 1, p. 145, pi. 48 e. 
Here we must mention cretica Stdf. sen. which is synonymous. 
e) asiatic pamphilus races. 
fulvoladea. fulvolactea Vrty. Large. Upperside bright ochre-yellow, marginal band wide, milky grey. Underside 
centralasiae. of hindwings pale yellow-red with diffuse white band, often without eyespots. Transcaspia. centralasiae 
Vrty. (= postcentralasiae Vrty.). Smaller, paler. Transition to emiaustralis from Europe. Alai. Specimens with 
more sharply outlined apex and apical eyespot, marginal band still separated from outer margin by a grey line 
juldusica. are met with in the 2nd generation: juldusica Vrty. Probably eupompus Std. from the Hi territory is identical 
ferghana. with this and could then claim prior rights. ferghana Std. has a double black marginal line on underside of 
forewings, its inner branch is regularly dentate on hindwings, eyespots are present on upper and undersides. 
infrarasa. Ferghana. - infrarasa Vity. also a 2nd generation, as large as fulvolactea, middle of hindwings is widely white 
on underside. Sarafshan. — Specimens, that resemble the typical Swedish butterflies, but emanate from central 
asiasmon- Altai are named asiaemontiurn Vrty. — euxina Vrty. ( = posteuxina Vrty.) is a mountain form from Asia Minor. 
hum. g ma q Hindwings green-grey or yellow-grey on underside with a few white spots. At lower altitudes marginata 
Kurd flies in place of euxina. 
mzngeri. C. mangers 0. Bang.-H. (11 g) Upperside and also underside of forewings like pamphilus-lyllus. On 
underside of forewing an apical eyespot, on hindwings 5—6 small, sharply outlined black eyespots, all with 
light surrounds. The base that is often dark in pamphilus is here intersected in 3 parts by the yellow-white 
middle band which penetrates towards and to the base. 
