200 
VANESSA. By M. Gaede. 
cabeauensis. forms with a white spot. — cabeauensis Lamb, has a yellowish spot and besides the submarginal band is 
more violet-grey instead of bluish, the 2 lower white subapical spots have blue surrounds, the black dots are 
de walschei. absent in the red marginal band of the hindwings. — de walsdiei Derenne has the subapical spots greenish dark 
hyensis. brown instead of white as usual. — In hyensis Lamb, the apex of the forewings and the middle costa of hind- 
wings are yellowish on the underside. 
P. cardui L. (Vol. 1, p. 199, plate 62 d). Dwarf forms that were already named minor Gann, in Vol. 1 
have also been named carduelina Alph., “smaller by half”. According to the ground colour of the upperside 
one can distinguish: rosacea Reuss, in which the otherwise yellow patches in the basal and middle areas are 
rosy-red. The margin of forewings narrowly orange-brown, that of hindwings wide and diffuse, rosea Pionn. 
will be practically the same. — carnea Fritsch. Ground colour not rust-brown or salmon-brown, but brownish- 
flesh colour, also reddish-flesh colour on underside. — flava Banderm. will only be slightly paler. — brunnea- 
alfoomaculata Reuss: ground colour brown, hindwings still darker. Behind the 1st and 2nd costal spots on fore¬ 
wings there is a 3rd. On underside the patches usually rose coloured are yellowish. — melanosa Lamb. Much 
darker, the black spots on forewings larger, hindwings dusted with black. — Names have also been created for 
the colours of the underside. Normally they are grey-yellow to ochreous. Variations are named: infranigrans, 
- grisea, brunnea, - ochracea, - flava. All named by Verity. — As in atalanta a supernumerary white spot can 
occur in the median field in the brick-red ground colour: sexiespupillata Vrty. (= maria Steph.); septiespupillata 
Vrty. has a further spot in the space immediately below. The illustration of japonica (Vol. 1, plate 62 d) shows 
something similar. — schoenfeilneri E. Hoffm. has the 4 white apical spots practically normal. The 3 posterior 
spots are increased and confluent forming a very large spot, the costa is narrowly white to the middle and the 
otherwise yellow-red spot is white. The 2 black spots immediately beneath are united forming a very large one. 
Hindwings adumbrated to the outer band. subfracta Stack has these 3 spots separated. — In ocellata Rbl. 
the antemarginal black spots in the hindwings have blue centres. - In Italy and southwards as far as Biskra 
one finds frequently specimens which resemble elymi Bsd. : emielymi Vrty. (13 b); nevertheless the few specimens 
from Biskra in the Pungeler Collection are quite normal only dwarf-like. — In a species that is so migrative races 
naturally are not easily created, nevertheless a few have been established. In regard to italica dealt with in 
Vol. 1 Verity is of the opinion that it does not only occur in S. Italy but also much further northwards. — In 
northern Europe the black marking is much more extensive than otherwise so that the black apical spot and 
the posterior spot on the fore wings are occasionally conjoined. On the hindwings the inner half is quite black, 
eyespots very large* underside usually dark nut-brown; conjuncta Vrty. Schoyen is of a different opinion. 
He finds in the northern race pallida Schoyer a strikingly pale underside. Elsewhere in the world the black 
marking on the underside is fainter than in conjuncta, the underside grey-yellow to ochreous: umiversa Vrty. 
typical of Florence. In the deserts of Sicily there is a starvation form of italica with somewhat more elongated 
wings, pale ochreous, black markings reduced: inops Vrty. Sicily, Algeria. — The specimens mentioned above 
under emielymi from Biskra do not however belong to inops as they appear to be of wider wing formation. 
10. Genus: Vanessa F. 
io. V. io L. (Vol. 1, p. 201, pi. 62 d). A single race caucasica Jacli. is to be mentioned. More diffuse on 
caucasica. U pp er and undersides, somewhat similar to fischeri Stdjs., but larger. Caucasus. — All the rest are more or less 
pallens. frequent single forms. pallens Enoch. All colours very pale. Ground colour bright red-brown, the spots 
pale yellow that are otherwise yellow, black is brown, eyespots violet instead of blue. Underside light red-brown. 
mesoides. — mesoides Reuss is similar. Ground colour lighter, fuscous. The violet scaling around forewing eyespot 
teloides. reduced, ocelli of hindwings dusky but underside not paler as in similar fischeri. - - teloides Reuss. Ocellus of 
teloides- forewings band-like, unspotted, hindwing ocellus only once intersected by black. — In teloides-splendens Reuss 
splendent. pp e eyespot of hindwings is quite filled with pure blue. — In telo-mesoides Reuss the forewing corresponds with 
mesoides. the latter form, but hindwings approximate more to mesoides, meso-teloides Reuss is an inverse variation of 
meso- this. — prochnovi Pronin is about like belisaria (Vol. 1, plate 62 e) on forewings but with normal hindwings, 
prochnovi on ty kh e violet colouration of eyespot is more extensive with metallic sheen. — violascens Rbl. is a form due to 
violascens. temperature. Ground colour glossy violet, thinly scaled. — Forms with supernumerary spots are: irene Pruff. 
■irene. An additional small black spot on forewings above middle of inner margin corresponding to the spot there in 
astrida. urticae. hacJcrayi Gab. is probably the same. — astrida Derenne has a light yellow patch 3 mm long, 2 mm high 
on dark red ground on upperside of forewings in the submedian fold. 
urticae. V. urticae L. (Vol. 1, p. 202, pi. 62 e). Dwarf forms have long since been named urticoides F. d. Waldh. 
and pygmaea Heyne, but nevertheless a new name minor Derenne has been added. — Variations in the apical 
albapicata. area and on costa produce the following forms: albapicata Gab. The white patch at apex of forewings is widely 
cruenta. diffuse (“a wonderful specimen”) otherwise everything normal. -— cruenta Fritsch. has the white spot very large, 
fervida. the light spots straw-yellow on the dark red forewings, base salmon-rose. — In fervida Fritsch in contrast all 
pseudo- these light spots are ochreous, ground colour fiery, deep fuscous and pseudo-turcica Fritsch has in the same 
turcica. 
cardui. 
rosacea. 
carnea. 
flava. 
brunnea- 
albomacu- 
lata. 
melanosa. 
infrani¬ 
grans. 
grisea. 
brunnea. 
ochracea. 
flava. 
sexies¬ 
pupillata. 
septies¬ 
pupillata. 
schoen- 
fellneri. 
subfracta. 
ocellata. 
emielymi. 
conjuncta. 
universa. 
inops. 
