202 
POLYGONIA. By M. Gaede. 
nigroflava. 
extrema. 
okeni. 
dixeyi. 
diffusa. 
pulchrior. 
rubens. 
xantho¬ 
melas. 
cibinensis. 
sacha¬ 
linensis. 
jezoensis. 
antiopa. 
emma. 
siegleri. 
escheri. 
transiens. 
obscura. 
borealis. 
asopos. 
yedanula. 
canace. 
hiemalis 
l-album. 
kontzeyi. 
has fine black spots with yellow surrounds before margin of hindwings. Thereire somewhat similar to testudo 
(Vol. 1, pi. 63 b). — nigroflava Biez. with heavier black spots at margin on oth wings. Inside of these on 
forewings a row of yellow spots. The yellow spots on costa larger than norma The black spot in middle of 
costa of hindwings with yellow edge outwardly. — Natural forms due to cold arqhe following: extrema Gonner. 
A considerably blackened testudo, about in the same degree as the illustration c f-album in Vol. 1, pi. 63 e. — 
In extrema Gonner the forewings are more heavily spotted with yellow than in the lustration of testudo (pi. 63 b). 
On costa of hindwings a further large pale yellow spot in place of the black spot. - okeni Fischer has a ground 
colour between io and antiopa. The blue marginal spots are more striking. — Aditions to the forms brought 
about by artificial temperatures are: dixeyi Sidjs. Ground colour more yellowish,(specially outwardly, margin 
of wings widely dark. Marginal lunules on hindwings large. A form produced byexposure to cold. — diffusa 
Fritsch is somewhat similar. At outer margin of forewings 3 blue spots are indicted, the black spot at base 
smaller, more diffuse than normal. The 2 spots on inner margin also diffuse, esppially the outer one. Outer 
margin not wider, only diffuse. The brown ground colour lighter, straw-yellow, lack markings less distinct. 
A natural form. - According to Verity, Linne’s type was a small pale form. Tfe blue lunules on forewings 
almost washed out, only small lunules on hindwings. Outer half of underside light,Whitish costa on forewings. 
Such specimens occur in Northern Europe and partly in England. Other english speimens belong to pyromelas 
Frr. — In the South the species develops larger: pulchrior Vrty. typical from Florenc has bright reddish ground 
colour on upperside, underside dark. Among these one finds still typical polychloos (but no Northern-like 
specimens - only Central European-like) and specimens that approach the follovng race. — rubens Vrty. 
Still larger than pulchrior $ with wing expanse up to 54 mm. Ground colour morered but not quite as in 
erythromelas. All yellow patches restricted except between the outer precostal spot: and lunules. The latter 
remind one of xanthomelas, underside very dark. Sardinia. 
V. xanthomelas Esp. (Vol. 1, p. 204, pi. 63 b). Only one new race in Europe: cibinensis Dhl. Large. 
Ground colour dark red, black markings more extensive, diffuse. Red band on hiiiwings also only narrow 
otherwise black. Carpathians. — In Asia 3 races: sachalinensis Mats. All marking more extensive, white 
subapical spot very striking, black submarginal band wider, marginal dentations huger, pale margin wider. 
Blue spots on hindwings larger. Sachalin. - jezoensis Mats, similar to japonica Stm. Smaller. Margin of 
both wings with fewer blue scales. Black submarginal band narrower, blue spots smaller. Hokkaido. — 
jormosana Mats. Similar to jezoensis. On fore wings discoidal spots conjoined as in sichalinensis. The white 
spots near the middle of cellule 4 indistinct, the dentation on vein 6 long. On hindwinjs the blue spots larger 
than in sachalinensis , smaller than in japonica. Outer margin with many blue scales. Formosa. The latter 
form is no longer palaearctic and is only mentioned here as being the only indian subspecies of this group. 
V. antiopa L. (Vol. 1, p. 205, pi. 63 b). Dwarf forms with rusty-yellow margiial band are named 
pusilla Bird., with normal band nana Steph. — emma Steph. is normal except for a brovn margin. — In the 
following 2 forms the yellow margin is altered. — ziegleri Gramann. The yellow border isnarrower. Between it 
and the wing colour a black area. The blue spots of forewings almost extinct, but countng from the apex of 
wing the 3rd and 4th spots are extended considerably ray-like inwards. The 2 light spots on costa conjoined. 
On underside at margin increased blue markings. A form due to a faint narcosis. - escheri Gi-amann. Forewings 
also with black area which extends outwards along the ribs, so that the border consists of yellow blotches. Blue 
spots almost extinct. Yellow border of hindwings dusted with black, intersected by black Teins. Underside 
of forewings with increased blue. A form due to heavy narcosis. — transiens Little, is a faint transition to hygiaea. 
The 2 yellow spots on costa of fore wings conjoined, the neighbouring blue spots margined with yellow inwards. 
- In obscura Gonner the blue spots are more or less entirely absent. Ground colour of both wiigs sooty black. 
The otherwise yellow border area heavily dusted with black. Underside blacker, only 1 mm vide of white at 
border. A form due to increased heat. — Also here 3 new races from Asia: borealis Wnuk. Somewhat smaller 
than European specimens, otherwise without difference. Yakutsk. - - asopos Fruhst. The blue submarginal 
spots longer and narrower, the yellow border darkly dusted. Japan. yedanula Fruhst. Snaller than the 
Japanese. On underside the white border is narrower and more densely dusted with black. Or upperside the 
border is darker yellow, subapical spot narrower. Szechuan. — The name major Esp. is altered to creta Vrty. 
and denominates specimens from Tuscany. 
V. canace L. (Vol. 1, p. 205, pi. 63 c). hiemalis Martin. Among, the autumn generation of no-japonica 
Sieb. (Vol. 1, pi. 63 c) there are small specimens with bluish instead of whitish traverse band at close of 
cell on forewings. On hindwings the blue band contains only very small black dots. Underside tlackish, outer 
margin without pale brownish patches. Shikoku, Japan. — siphnos Fruhst. underside uniform grey-black, not 
red-brown at apex. Liu Kiu Archipeligo, therefore not actually palaearctic. 
11. Genus: iPolygoiiia Hbn. 
P. 1-album Esp. (Vol. 1, p. 206, pi. 63 d). — In kontzeyi Diosz. the white spots are smaller. Underside 
of both wings uniform greenish-yellow. 
