246 
CHRYSOPHANUS. By M. Gaede. 
medio- 
mo nt ana. 
pyrenaei- 
cola. 
balcanicola. 
alexandrae. 
armeniaca. 
caucasica. 
lunulaia. 
angusti- 
margo. 
paucipunc- 
ia. 
pluripuncta. 
punctifera. 
elongata. 
parallela. 
subtus-rufo- 
marginata. 
phoebus. 
zalialtensis. 
militaris. 
kurdi- 
stanica. 
costojunda. 
discoelon- 
gata. 
batavus. 
lurdigalen- 
■sis. 
obscurior. 
aurata. 
paucipunc- 
ta. 
Hindwings very dusky. Black spots on underside of both wings in C and $ are minute, white spottings quite 
insignificant. In the Vulcan territory in mid France. - In the Maritime Alps (Cerana 1300 m) a race occurs 
that is quite similar to apennina. It differs solely by the paler colouration on both sides and fainter yellow red: 
mediomontana Vrty. pyrenaeicola Graves from the East Pyrenees has according to the author a pale golden 
red ground colour in whilst according to Fallou specimens from the Pyrenees are a deeper golden red like 
apennina. Probably both occur simultaneously and vary according to the altitude. The $ differs from miegii 
by the absence of the small black subapical spots in both wings, therefore approximately like zermattensis. 
In the $ base of forewings is not adumbrated, therefore in this regard there is no similarity to zermattensis. 
In the High Pyrenees one naturally finds transition forms to the latter.— pyrenemontana Vrty. is a superfluous 
name for a transition form also mentioned by Graves of his pyrenaeicola and the form montana. — In 
balcanicola Graves the black margin at apex of forewing in is slightly wider than in german specimens, towards 
the inner margin it is slightly diffuse, the golden red ground colour generally darker. In the $ the spots are 
small, hindwing somewhat dusky. Generally speaking there is little variation from german specimens, as the 
more southern longitude is compensated by the greater altitude. Bulgaria 900—1500 m altitude. — alexandrae 
Fruhst. The $ can be described as a large a pici punctata. Black margin of forewings is wide, the spots close to 
apex in $, as in other races, are here precise and small, but distinct. A streak occurs at disco-cellular. Large 
marginal sjiots on hindwings. Forewings of $ dusky, only paler in centre. Hindwings uniformly dark. South 
Urals. US' from Sojmonovsk (Urals) resemble the specimens described, but there seems to be an inclination 
for the margin of forewings to extend internervally inwards in ray formation. armeniaca 0. B.-H. agrees with 
apicipunctata in colouration and marking, but is somewhat larger than miegii. Tschorum (Armenia). — caucasica 
Jack. The scarcely differs from miegii, the $ is similarly dark as zermattensis. Beshtai (North Caucasus). 
Probably this race is identical with the preceding. — Courvoisier groups zermattensis of the Swiss races to 
montana and declares that inalpina and theages as well as pelusiota are valueless names, as only osihelderi 
should be recognised. According to Graves the following is a list of synonymous denominations: montana 
M. -Dior. (= athanagild, cissites, theages Fruhst., suldensis Tutt), osihelderi (= pelusiota Fruhst.), apennina 
( = quercii Trti.). — Besides the aberrations mentioned in Vol. 1, there are still the following: Specimens that 
are more or less pale: virginalis Oberth., onka Fruhst., pallida Rbl., alba Schbnf. ; a golden yellow $ is named 
chryson Oberth. Special names given to forms of zermattensis are cuneijera $ Oberth. in which the black dots of 
forewings are extended radially inwards and caeruleopunctata $ Oberth. having blue spots on hindwings. Both 
forms are very frequent. Specimens combining both characteristics have not yet been named. Among 
specimens from South Switzerland lunulata Gourv. is of frequent occurrence. The with large discoidal spot 
on forewings and often with wide black margin, the $ varying less. — Other forms named by Courvoisier are: 
angustimargo with narrow black margin: — paucipuncta without basal spots either on hindwings alone or also 
on forewings on underside, other rows of spots small; pluripuncta $ with supernumerary eyespots between 
discoidal lunule and arcuate row of spots; — punctifera the marginal spots on hindwings are situate quite free 
from margin; — elongata with extended arcuate row of spots on forewing; — parallela $ the discoidal lunule 
and 2 arcuate spots heavily conjoined. — Among eastern specimens one finds subtus-rufo-marginata Grav. & 
Hemm. having red marginal spots on underside of hindwings like ottomanus Lej. 
Ch. phoebus Blach. (15 f). We are supplementing the brief description of this species in Vol. 1. p. 285 
by giving an illustration of the type. 
Ch. thetis King (Vol. 1, p. 282, pi. 76 c). — zalialtensis Grav. The <§ is typical on upperside. Underside 
of forewing with finer spots more particularly in outer area. Hindwings without spots. Ain-Zahalta (Lebanon). 
Ch. thersamon Esp. (Vol. 1, p. 283, pi. 76 e). militaris Grav. is very large, vividly coloured on upperside. 
Underside of forewings orange yellow to orange red, not reddish browur as in thersamon. Palestine. — kurdi- 
stanica Ril. Small, not so fiery, colour reminding one somewhat of ochimus H.-Schdff. (76 cl). Underside more 
unicoloured. Hindwings approach forewings in colouration, dark spots smaller, tails long. N. Persia, persica 
Bien. is similar but larger with dark margins. - Besides these the following forms are named: costojuncta 
Gourv. foremost basal eyespot on hindwing conjoined with arcuate evespot; — discoelongata Gourv. the middle 
arcuate eyespots extended. 
Ch. dispar Haw. (Vol. 1, p. 283, pi. 76 f). — According to Riley batavus (Aut. ?) from Holland is very 
close to the old english name type form. The only difference is that the red marginal band on hindwings is 
narrower, although it is wider than any other continental race. — burdigalensis Luc. is in point of size between 
dispar and rutilus. This is a valueless indication, as the size of both is the same. The $ with very dark hindwing 
(which occasionally occurs anywhere), spots therefore not easily distinguishable, only the red marginal band 
present. In regard to the underside, which is decidedly of importance, nothing is said. Bordeaux. — obscurior $ 
Hoffm. (= semibrunnea Muller) has upperside of hindwings dark to the margin. — The reverse is the case in 
aurata $ Hirschke the dusky shading has quite disappeared, only the margin itself is black, the red edge of same 
is dissolved in the ground colour. — Courvoisier has named: paucipuncta with reduced number of spots; — 
