248 
CHRYSOPHANUS. By M. Gaede. 
bellieri. 
citrina. 
madytus. 
aetnea. 
chairemon. 
fruginus. 
naryna. 
epidelion. 
veronius. 
insignis. 
paupercula. 
obscura. 
gerhardti. 
caerules- 
cens. 
mediter- 
ranea. 
midas. 
diniensis. 
rondoui. 
subtus- 
minus- 
punctata. 
subtus-fere- 
radiata. 
herrichi. 
nevadensis. 
heracleana. 
basinovop. 
centro-junct. 
bic.-juncta. 
conf ,-transv. 
confl.-mult. 
elong.-rad. 
sin.-radiaia. 
caeca. 
paucipunc- 
ta. 
black margin narrow and antemarginal dots appear to be isolated. Therefore like virgaureae-apennina. Calabria. 
— bellieri ( Oberth.) Trti. from the Madonie Mountains is a small gordius. S paler on upperside, less violet. 
Spots on forewings more diffuse, smaller on hindwings. Pearly white on underside in middle of forewings, 
often yellowish at anal angle, black spots broad. Hindwings pearly grey in middle, red submarginal band more 
or less absent, black spots small. In $ the pearly white patch is more distinct, as it is naturally quite free of 
violet suffusion. Some 9? approach intermedia Stef, owing to their dark hindwings. — An albinotic variety 
of same is the lemon yellow citrina Zullich. — madytus 9 Fruhst. from Sicily is perhaps the same as bellieri. 
It differs from calabrus by reduced black spots on upperside, naturally also similar to dainareton. Smaller than 
latter and differentiated from same by underside of hindwing, which has a much fainter yellow-red submarginal 
band. The colour is white-grey (as described for gallon ?) from Digne or slate-grey from Tessin. — aetnea Trti. 
differs from bellieri owing to the dark volcanic ground. Small, the S dusted with violet-blackish. Brillant 
yellow-red in cell of forewing and on costa of hindwing. Spots approximately as in gordius, somewhat diffuse. 
$ yellow-red, marginal spots united with margin, submarginal spots elongated inwards. — chairemon Fruhst. 
from the Balkans forms a transition to the greek melibaeus. The S' lighter on hindwings and differing from 
gordius by sparser black spot-marking. The 9 like alciphron on upperside, underside of hindwings pale grey 
instead of yellowish. Sometimes there is a diffusion of the yellow-red marginal band. Herzegovina, Bulgaria 
and the passes of Budapest. — fruginus Fruhst. The 9 is tawny on upperside like virgaureae-zermattensis. Base 
of forewings and entire hindwings grey-brown. Submarginal band of hindwings yellow instead of reddish. 
Underside a lighter pale grey than chairemon. Black spots and yellow submarginal narrower. Armenia. — 
naryna Oberth. from Turkestan is the most easterly known race. It is very large, $ very dark, hindwings with 
buff marginal spots. The $ from Djarkent is also very large, the yellow markings of naryna are inclined to red 
and therefore more normal; spots at the margin of hindwings on underside are red. Specimens from Uralsk are 
also similar to naryna, but somewhat smaller. The S from Uralsk has more pronounced blue on hindwings 
than shown by most german specimens; from costa to upper median nervure much paler red, red submarginal 
line can be absent, as also the outer row of dots on forewings. — The race of epidelion Fruhst. already mentioned 
above, from the Maritime Alps is allied to gaudeolus from Zermatt. The S corresponds approximately to the 
latter but the black spots are almost extinct and covered by violet sheen. The $ is light and with small 
spots like 29 from Valais and therefore like gordius. Underside of forewings of S is dull yellow. Black spots more 
diminished in S and $ than in specimens from Valais. Type from Moulinet. — In veronius Fruhst. from Gedre 
the 9 is similar to epidelion, but lighter on upperside with smaller spots and narrow black margin on both wings. 
Less grey at apex and outer margin on underside of forewings, hindwings yellowish instead of grey. In all 
specimens from Digne in the Puengeler Collection the hindwings are also already yellowish. Submarginal 
band inclined to be dissolved into spots. Pyrenees. — Finally 2 races from Spain: insignis Sag. Very large. 
Ground colour fiery, spots small. Underside of forewings redder, hindwings grey-yellow, white lunae situate 
clear of the small black marginal spots. Albarracin. paupercula Sag. Somewhat smaller. Upperside more 
suffused with violet, spots larger. Aragon. — In a pair in the Puengeler Collection from Mercia the S resembles 
a small melibaeus, the 9 is very large with relatively small black spots without any dark dusting, most similar 
to specimens from Digne.-Now to the aberrations. Albinos are named albescens Oberth. (quite pale yellow) 
and pallida Fritsch (only hindwings considerably paler yellow). — obscura Courv. is darker on upperside, 
underside of hindwings dark grey. — gerhardti 9 Hirschke has violet blue spots on upperside of hindwings in 
front of the red marginal spots. Common everywhere. — caerulescens Rbl. has hindwings suffused with blue 
nearly as far as costa. — A variation of isokrates is named mediterranea Trti. that resembles melibaeus Stgr. — The 
following variations of gordius are named: midas Wheel, with punctiform dots on forewing in postdiscal area. 
Marginal dissolved into spots at anal angle. Band of hindwing black, disc with coppery sheen except for a black 
discoidal spot. — diniensis Oberth. has few spots on upper side, those of the outer row are radially diffuse. 
Underside as poor in markings as midas. — In rondoui Oberth. submarginal spots are elongated inwards radially 
on upper and undersides of both wings. — subtus-minus-punctata Oberth. is normal on upperside and like midas 
on underside. — subtus-fere-radiata Oberth. is like rondoui but only on underside. — herrichi Oberth. has almost 
no spots on underside and therefore is like an extreme midas. — nevadensis Oberth. is not only paler, as is 
otherwise generally the case in Spain, but the spots themselves are paler. The author describes it as an aber¬ 
ration and not as a race. — heracleana Blach. is also very pale, spots smaller but distinct. Hindwings grey- 
yellow on underside in <$ and 9- — The list compiled by Courvoisier shows how great the variety of aberrations 
can be. We are mentioning them here even if they are synonymous, as there is more reason in these names 
than in those of many other authors. — basinovopunctata with supernumerary basal eyespots; centro-juncta 
denotes a conjunction between a basal eyespot and discoidal lunule on one wing; bicentro-juncta, the same on 
both wings; confluens-transversa (= subfasciata Schultz) here the arcuate spots are conjoined in bands over the 
veins; confluentia-multiplex : basal spots and discoidal lunule conjoined on more than one wing; elongata the most 
posterior arcuate spots of fore wing elongated; radiata (= constricta Schultz ): arcuate spots and marginal spots 
conjoined, the others not; sinistra-radiata : the same but merely on one side; caeca and paucipuncta: without 
spots or only with very few; mutilata Schultz, evanescens and extincta Gillmer denote the same. 
