LYCAENA. By Chr. Bollow. 
261 
nomon. A research undertaken by Dr. Chapman has established the specific relationship of both races. is 
violet-blue on upperside, slightly darker than armoricana with the wide margin and white fringes already 
mentioned. Underside is grey with an inclination to brownish. Black spots large with light surrounds. Ocelli 
blue with metallic sheen situate in the orange band of hindwings and not being very striking. The orange band 
of forewings is still more suppressed by the ground colour than on hindwings. Ground colour of $ is brown- 
black on upperside with black marginal spots on hindwings. Basal area of both wings and inner margin of 
hindwings violet-blue. Underside is somewhat lighter than in <$, orange band more vivid especially on hindwings 
on which also the metallic blue ocelli with their black surrounds stand out more sharply. — In Italy we find 
a series of more or less justified races, which however are not always easily distinguishable from one another. 
The hilly country of Parma and Modena is the home of the race argellus Trti. A fairly large form with $<$ argellus. 
23—26 mm and $$ 25—28 mm expanse. The <$ is paler lilac-blue than all other italian races and the fringes 
contrast sharply from the hair-fine black marginal. On hindwings the small black marginal spots are distinct 
and well separated from margin. Ground colour of underside is whitish-grey with reduced spots. Ochre-yellow 
submarginal band is narrow and light on hindwings, absent on forewings. The metallic blue ocelli are round 
and brightly glossy. Base of all wings shows bluish sheen. $$ show a rich violet-blue dusting on upperside 
of all wings; ochre-yellow marginal lunules are mostly extinct; marginal dots of hindwings large, longish, on 
blue ground distinctly separated from margin, decorated towards base with fine faint orange-yellow lunules. - 
In northern Italy on the Lake of Lugano and in Liguria we find in May and again in September ligurica ligurica. 
Gourv., a larger race than name type form. Colouration of upperside resembles semiargus Rott. (Vol. 1, p. 319) 
with a wide dark margin of I L> mm which extends on the hindwings inwards in a few dentations and dots; 
veins are dusted with black. Underside often yellowish. — nocensis described by Dannehl from the Etsch nocensis. 
and Nons Valleys is a very large form and the is said to remind one of $ calliopis with a lead-white-grev 
(sic!) underside. According to the description the race must have close resemblance to ligurica Gourv. - 
opulenta Vrty. is a sub-race classified here from below Infra on the Lago Maggiore (900 m) which varies so opulenta. 
little that it might just as well be placed to ligurica. Specimens with especially wide margin are denominated 
as latolimbo by Verity. latolimbo. 
The author would like to see difficilis Stcl. recognised as a separate species. It is from the Arlberg 
territory (1400 m) on the tyrolian side, from the neighbourhood of Innsbruck on the Talsohle, limited to 
localities of only a few square metres. As it varies so little from ligurica Oberth. (?) and also from cirgyrog- 
nomon, only an examination of the genitals and androconia would give certainty as to whether it should be 
separated. This however has been too much trouble for the author according to what he writes. However 
until this is done difficilis can at the best only achieve the rank of a doubtful race. - abefonica Vrty. from the 
Abetone Pass in the Apennines, occurring at 1400 m altitude, shows a tendency in the $ to approach the 
appearance of the <$. Occasionally it can only be distinguished by the darker colouration of the underside. - 
alpophila Vrty. (= calliopides Vrty.) belongs to calliopis Bsd. (Vol. 1, p. 301) and is a new name for alsus Hbn. 
and denotes the alpine form of calliopis in contrast to the form of this race occurring in the plains. — 
apenninophila Vrty. from the neighbourhood of the Apennines around Lucca differs from the former by the 
distinctly browner underside as well as by the somewhat paler upperside. The $$ have a limited blue area at 
the base on upper surface of wings. — In contrast to the former: australissima Vrty. the race (according to 
Verity!) from the plains and the coast of Tuscany around Forte dei Marmi; this is of somewhat smaller size 
than apenninophila and has white or pale grey underside in the <$. Colour and markings are vivid in both 
sexes. $ has large orange lunae and black marginal spots on upperside which are extended as in nevadensis 
Oberth. As a sub-race Verity describes ultima from the Mainarde Mountains of the province of Caserta. The 
differences however are so minute and it is questionable whether they are constant so that a denomination 
had best been left. The same may apply to many others. — magnalpina a race established by Verity describing 
a form occurring with calliopis and said to be a transition between this and opulenta Vrty. It is a question of an 
individual aberration in which the ocelli of the arcuate row are larger and the metallic ocelli more vivid. The 
grey ground colour of underside is generally paler. — The form bellerioides Vrty. from the Cottic Alps is ex¬ 
ceedingly similar to bellieri Oberth. and belongs to calliopides Vrty. from the same locality. — A most pronounced 
moor race from Beuerberg and the Loisachtal is named uliginosa Dannehl. are brilliant silvery blue with 
white dusting which is particularly striking on the veins towards the margin where it forms rays. On hindwings 
the black marginal spots form ocelli with white ringlets, on the other hand they sometimes unite forming a wide 
black band. Underside is also very light without brown tone. $$ vary very much both in size and marking. 
Often unicoloured black-brown specimens occur and again such with a wide yellow band which extends also 
to the forewings. Quite blue 9$ are very rare, more often the hindwings appear completely blue and the 
forewings only as far as the basal area. The ray-like ordination of the blue dusting is characteristic. — A smaller 
race occurs in the Croatian Velabit and in Dalmatia, described as croatica Grund. Both sexes are only 22 mm 
and less expanse. GS are coloured a dull blue on upperside but not so dark as ligurica ; on underside they are 
characteristically pale, appearing almost whitish with sharply outlined, strongly contrasting black dots. $$ 
never show a blue sheen, however slight on upperside. — balcanica Zullich occurs at medium altitudes at about 
1400 m in the Rilo territory and Gioktepa in southern Bulgaria. It is distinguished by very dark violet upper- 
difficilis. 
abefonica. 
alpophila. 
apennino¬ 
phila. 
austra¬ 
lissima. 
ultima. 
magnal¬ 
pina. 
bellerioides. 
uliginosa. 
croatica. 
balcanica . 
