1 l> 
LYCAENA. By Cim. Bollow. 
Alan in Bulgar-Dagh at an altitude of 1000 m, should be classified to icarus or thersitis Chapm. It is a very 
small of not quite 15 mm expanse, upperside very pale, transparent violet blue with very narrow black 
margin. Underside of forewings light grey-yellow, hindwings pure yellow. Basal spots are missing on forewings, 
arrangement of ocelli as in icarus. On hindwings the uppermost of the 4 basal spots is much enlarged, similarly 
the corresponding dot of the median row in cellule 7, whilst the others are all minute. In the submarginal area 
a row of light yellow-red roundish spots and beyond same very delicate black dots. Fringes as icarus. - 
fugitiva. Probably the southernmost of all icarus races is fugitiva Btlr. from Beluchistan, which can immediately be 
distinguished from all european and near asiatic forms by the extremely pale colouration of underside; this 
is a boundary insect that has not yet actually been taken on palaearctic territory but may probably still be 
found there. 
fliers ites. 
caerules- 
cens. 
caerulea. 
amethysti- 
na. 
pauci- 
puncta. 
minor. 
alexins. 
hibernate.. 
centro. 
meridiana. 
interjeefa. 
josephina. 
grawesi. 
cricniis. 
L. thersitis (Cant.) Chapm. This species, that has fallen into oblivion for nearly 100 years and subse¬ 
quently was classified as a variety (icarinus, alexis) to icarus, has been re-established in 1912 as a genuine 
species thanks to exhaustive researches of Chapman. Apart from differences in genitals and varying plumules 
thersitis can be distinguished by the absence of the two basal eyespots on underside of forewings. This it has 
in common with subsp. icarinus of icarus but with a little care it can be distinguished without the use of a 
microscope. In thersitis the 3 last ocelli of the median row of fore wings are generally in a straight row at right 
angles to hind margin, whilst in icarus they seem to be bent because the two last median ocelli are nearer to the 
outer margin. Further in thersitis the distance on the forewings between the uppermost median ocellus to the 
1st marginal lunule is the same as the distance between the 1st and 2nd arcuate eyespots, whilst in icarus the 
distance between the 1st arcuate eyespot and 1st marginal lunule is generally greater than that of the two first 
arcuate eyespots to one another, thersitis has without exception a more elongated wing contour and is considerably 
smaller than icarus from the same locality and besides thersitis always occurs a few days earlier and one can 
capture thersites $$ before the first icarus <$<$■ There is a noticeable difference in the colour of the <$, which is 
particularly striking where long series are available. The blue of ther sites has a more reddish tinge and therefore 
does not appear as vivid as in icarus. In the $ the division is more difficult, but the elongated wing contour 
and smaller size are always a guide. — $ ab. caerulescens Cab. has base of upperside of wings powdered with 
blue and in $ ab. caerulea Cab., the blue extends to the light submarginal lunae, whilst in $ ab. amethystina 
Cab. is extends beyond the submarginal lunae. — Specimens with reduced ocelli formation are named pauci- 
puncta Pionn. and especially small specimens are named minor Pionn. — thersites has been rediscovered 
also in Germany in Thuringia and was recognised by its captor B. Alberti as the long forgotten race alexius 
Frr. (O. Schreiner was the first discoverer). From the illustration this very distinct race can immediately 
be recognised from icarus and its group of forms. — According to the researches of Verity the form of 
thersites used by Chapman for his fresh description was a specimen of the 2nd generation from France and 
although there are only microscopic distinctions between this and the 1st generation he names it hibemata. 
In Tarentaise and surrounding country a large race of 36—38 mm wing expanse occurs, which Chapman has 
named centro. — The race from upper Italy and around Florence differs only slightly from ther sit es-ther sites 
and is named meridiana Vrty. with 1st generation hibemata Vrty. and the 2nd meridiana ; this is characterised 
by the absence or considerable reduction of the metallic scales on underside, as well as by the distinct yellowish 
tone in the ground colour of the underside. In the $ of the 2nd generation there is no trace of blue dusting on 
upperside, sometimes we find the same in $$ specimens of the 1st generation occurring in late June. In order 
to be on the safe side these intermediate forms have been named interjeda Vrty. and according to Verity they 
are said to have certain features of both broods. — Sagarra has ascertained a distinct race josephina occurring 
at Albarracin in Spain and which differs from french $ $ by the absence of the blue basal dusting and considerable 
reduction of submarginal lunae. — grawesi which was originally described by Chapman as a distinct species 
and occurring at 6400' altitude on Cedars of Lebanon in Palestine is a thersites race. It is of stately size, the 
C reminding one on underside of astrarche, whilst the $ is still a little darker. Markings are bold and vivid, 
especially those of the § and they resemble macedonian thersitis. — subsp. orieutis Shelj. ( = orientalis Chapm.) 
occurring in Ongodai, Thian Shan and differs from name form by the considerably paler colouration of all 
markings. Size is the same. 
devanica. L. devarsica Mr. (Vol. 1, p. 313) occurs in N. Chitral and Thibet as gracilis Evans. <J only dusted with 
gracilis. t [ ar p blue at base on upperside, but the blue can extend along costa and penetrate the disc. Margin very dark 
and 4 mm and more wide. 
saria. L. sarta Alph. (Vol. 1, p. 313, pi. 80 h). — Courvoisier describes from the Juldus the $ ab. pupillata 
pupillata. which bears 5 black marginal dots with greenish blue iridescent metallic centres at outer margin of underside. - 
rupala. rupala Tytler (16 g) from the Rupal Valley in Astor has a more purple violet shade of blue than name form 
and much wider margin, up to 3 mm. $ brownish with reddish yellow tinge in outer part of wing area and 
sartoides. yellow-red submarginal band on all wings, which can be more or less boldly developed. — sartoides Swh. from 
