308 
CARCHARODUS. By M. Gaede. 
moribeigei. S. monbeigei Oberth. differs from nymphalis (Vol. 1, pi. 84 d) by the form and position of the 4 hyaline 
spots on forewings below the cell. The white cell spot is relatively large. Pa-tse-fang. 
ouvrardi. S. ouvrardi Oberth. Abdomen is quite black on upperside. The hyaline spots of hindwings are somewhat 
differently placed than in nymphalis and the white spot is quite absent in the cell. The white band on hindwings 
is as wide as in nymphalis -§ (Vol. 1, pi. 84 d). Tse-ku. 
sinica. S. sinica Flclr. (Vol. 1, p. 334). — The race epitaras Oberth. has the hyaline spots on forewings combined 
epitaras. f orm i n g a band. The extremities of veins on hindwings form white spots. There is a white streak in the cell 
and also the veins are somewhat white. Thibet. — felderi Btlr. is synonymous with moorei Mab. (Vol. 1, pi. 84 e). 
tethys. S. telhys Men. (Vol. 1, p. 334, pi. 84 f). Of this 2 Chinese forms and 1 japanese are newly described. — 
lineata. Hneata Mab. & Boul. has a row of white spots on upperside of hindwings. China. — chinensis Stgr. is somewhat 
chinensis. ] ar g er than typical. A white discal band on upper and undersides of hindwings. On underside this is surrounded 
daiseni. by black dots. China. — daiseni Riley also has a white band on upper and undersides of hindwings. On iq per- 
side it is 3 mm wide, diffuse at costa and inner margin, on underside it is double as wide as on upperside. There 
are long grey-blue hairs on upperside in basal area. Mount Daisen. It is impossible to decide from this description 
whether this form differs materially from chinensis. 
13. Genus : Carcltarodus Him. 
alceae. C. alceae Esp. (Vol. 1. p. 335, pi. 85 a). — Here Verity has resuscitated the form australis Z. from 
australis, g Calabria, Sicily and Algeria which had fallen into oblivion. It is smaller than the type, the brown ground 
colour on upperside inclined to be more reddish. The name is applied to the 2nd and 3rd generations. — The 
1st generation is said to be still smaller. This can scarcely be believed in a spring form as usually heat produces 
smaller specimens. There are no other differences from australis except the name praeaustralis Vrty. — In mid 
Italy the 1st generation does not vary from type, the 2nd approximately resembles a large australis by its 
warm colouration, pale underside with large and dark spots. On account of this minute difference it is named 
griseofulva. magnaustralis Vrty. The 3rd generation griseofulva Vrty. differs a little more. It is smaller and darker on 
aestiva. account of black scales on upper and underside. — aestiva Horm. is larger than the spring form. All hyaline 
spots are more quadrate. Underside of hindwings is dark grey-brown, the white markings considerably reduced, 
iripolina. the veins only slightly paler. Bukowina. -— tripolina Vrty. is on an average still smaller than australis from 
Sicily, the contrast between the dark bands and the pale reddish ground colour is more pronounced; the former 
stand out more sharply, they are partly nut-brown but chiefly blackish, the outline is sharp so that a striking 
stripe is created. The underside is still paler than in the most extreme australis, a brilliant pale yellow-red 
central- without nut-brown tone. Tripoli. — cenfralanatolica Pfeiff. has a pure olive-green ground colour and grey- 
anatolica. w pite markings. Hindwings are black-brown on upperside, the white markings there very distinct sometimes 
forming bands. On underside in middle of forewings grey-brown, at margin whitish olive-green. Hindwings 
whitish with olive-green scales, the white markings very indistinct. The tuft of hairs of the is sienna-brown; 
$ lightly suffused with red-brown on upper and undersides. 29—32 mm. Central Anatolia. As the genitals 
have not been examined the position of this race is uncertain. — In mid Italy occasionally the upper and under- 
fulvocarens. sides are quite without the yellow-red tone: fulvocarens Vrty. and thereby similar to altheae. Ground colour 
of both sides a pale slate-grey but with normal dark grey markings. Monti Sibillini. 
swinhod. C. swinhoei Wats, is similar to alceae Esp. The upperside is a darker olive-green. The hyaline spots on 
forewings scarcely differ. There are dark streaks below the median vein and behind the cell under the subapical 
spots. These are not conjoined by faint shading as in alceae. The discal and marginal bands on hindwings are 
slightly less pronounced. Underside more greenish yellow. Beluchistan, Afghanistan. Also from Askabad 
according to the Pungeler Collection. 
lavatherae. C. lavatherae Esp. (Vol. 1, p. 335, pi. 85 a). The 2nd generation chlorotes Dhl. has the upperside of 
chlorotes. f orew i n g S a greyer colour with diffuse markings. Hindwings with more strongly dentate wide white marginal 
fringes, ground colour a more uniform green-black, the spots distinct and white. Underside of forewings grey- 
white, markings pale, only indicated. Hindwings a bright grey-white with faint green hue, bands scarcely 
rufescens. discernible. Typical from Terlan. — rufescens Oberth. (= australissima Vrty.) differs from specimens from the 
south of France by a deeper tone of brown on forewings. Hindwings darker, the pale submarginal row of lunules 
interniru- more distinctly isolated. Algeria. — internirufus Rothsch. has forewings suffused with dull orange. The spots 
fus. glossy, creamy white and a brilliant carmine-brown especially below the submedian nervure exclusive of the 
australior. base. This red colour very soon gets pale. Also from Algeria. -— australior Vrty. is classified like australis Z. 
to alceae Esp., that is to say they are the smaller 2nd and 3rd generations from Tuscany and elsewhere. Whether 
there is any difference in comparison to chlorotes cannot be discerned from the 2 descriptions; certainly it is not 
of great importance. 
