310 
HESPERIA. By M. Gaede. 
orientalis. 
aestatis. 
ramses. 
drawira. 
therapne. 
orbifer. 
secunda. 
sao. 
gavarnien¬ 
sis. 
guadar- 
ramensis. 
C. orientalis Rev. The ground colour of upperside is less violet than in altheae and baeticus and less 
fuscous than in stauderi. Hindwings somewhat darker than forewings. Underside of forewings pale grey with 
a slight suffusion of pale brown, hindwings rather more fuscous. Underside of $ paler than <$. Peloponnesia. 
— aestatis Graves (postorientalis Vrty.) the 2nd generation, is paler so that the hyaline spots are less distinct. 
The chief difference as compared with the 1st generation is the darker underside of forewings. The pale costa 
is only very narrow or absent. On hindwings the white patch is less extensive, the spots more distinct, more 
quadrate and very similar to baeticus. Constantinople, Transjordania. 
C. ramses Rev. The genitals of ramses and stauderi are very similar. For this publication the outer 
resemblance is more important and a comparison with lavatherae consequently more suitable. The paler green- 
brown ground colour on forewings shows variation from the latter; all the spots are smaller and more sharply 
defined. Besides this, there is a transverse row of submarginal spots. Hindwings are approximately the same 
ground colour as lavatherae, but the front submarginal spot is as small as the others, the next spot on the costa 
is absent. On underside the pale spots on forewings are also smaller, otherwise there is scarcely any difference. 
Steppes of Mariut. — According to Graves the larvae feed on Phlomis floccosa, whilst the closely related 
stauderi and baetica feed on Marubium vulgare. 
C. drawira Mr. (Vol. 9, p. 1047) is according to the author very similar to baeticus ; in this case the 
original illustration is quite wrong. Ground colour of upperside dark grey-brown, black between the veins. 
At close of cell a triangular white spot and 2 other triangles below same. Besides these the usual 3 subapical 
spots. Hindwings with quadrate spot at close of cell and 2 small ones under same. Underside paler. Markings 
of upper wings as above. Hindwings with grey-white sub-basal and discal spots, a streak from close of cell to 
outer margin. Kashmir. 
14. Genus: Hesperia Latr. 
In the species of this Genus we will designate the spots in accordance with the exhaustive work of 
B. 0. S. Warren in the following way. In the middle of the inner margin on the forewings we have a discoidal 
row consisting of utmost 3 spots, above same in the cell the discoidal lunule. Then outwardly we have the discal 
row. The counting of the spots commences at the inner margin, the 3 most anterior spots which are otherwise 
named apical respectively subapical spots are here counted to the discal row which contains at the utmost 
9 spots. Then follows the outer row close to the margin. Above the discoidal lunule there can be up to 3 sub¬ 
costal spots. On the disco-cellular nervule there is generally the indistinct discal spot. On hindwings we have 
1—3 basal spots, a discal and marginal row. The subdivision of the Genus which is all based on differences 
in the genitals cannot be taken into consideration for our purposes. In order to facilitate the diagnosis of the 
species it seems to us more important to enumerate the differences as compared with other species. 
1. s«o-Group ( Powellia Tuft). 
In the species of this group spot 6 of discal row on forewings always closely approximates spots 7—9. 
H. therapne Rmb. (Vol. 1, p. 336, pi. 85 b). Here we have to correct the localities. The species only 
occurs in Corsica and Sardinia. It does not occur in Elba or in N. Africa. In Africa only the similar ali-therap- 
noides Oberth. occurs, which has a different form to the spots on underside of hindwings. 
H. orbifer Hbn. (Vol. 1, p. 336, pi. 85 b). This species differs from sao by the less acutely angular spots 
of the discal band on underside; it differs from phlomidis by the fine white marking of upperside, on underside 
of hindwdngs by the separated white spots. — secunda Graves denotes specimens of the 2nd generation in Pale¬ 
stine which are very close to hilaris Stgr. hilaris, which is typical of N. Asia Minor, has larger spots than orbifer. 
In specimens from Syria, especially those on the hindwings are still bolder. Only the 2nd generation has been 
named; whether the 1st generation more closely resembles typical hilaris cannot be seen from the description. 
— minor Rbl. denominates small orbifer. 
H. sao Hbn. (Vol. 1, p. 336, pi. 85 b). Although the name of sertorius Hffgg. could claim the right of 
priority, we are nevertheless using the usual name. The species is relatively easy to recognise. Small specimens 
are similar to therapne Bsd. (Vol. 1, pi. 85 b) but differ from same by the pure white spots of the upperside. In 
regard to the differences from orbifer please refer to what was said there. — infraurata Vrty. from Florence is an 
aberrative transition to same. Hindwings are coloured a nice dull gold on underside. — gavarniensis Warr. 
does not vary on upperside. On underside all spots that are white in sao are here reddish-brown; also the palpi, 
and costa and outer margin on forewings. Fringes of both wings orange. Hindwings a more brilliant red. 
Gavarnie. — guadarramensis Warr. differs from the former by its size (27—28 mm), besides the colouration 
contrasts brightly. Base of upperside of forewings suffused with golden yellow. Underside of hindwings as in 
gavarniensis. La Granja. The size is remarkable, as otherwise the southern races are more inclined to be small. 
Among the 1st generation in Catalonia one much more frequently finds melanic specimens than in Italy. The 
white spots except in middle of forewings are adumbrated. On hindwings only the disco-celhdar spot is retained. 
When the costa of underside of forewings and inner margin of hindwings are suffused with grey we have: 
