Publ. 7. IV. 1931. 
HESPERIA. By M. Gaede. 
313 
intersected by the black veins. In the discal band spots 5 and 6 are almost always absent in tessellum, whilst in 
cribrellum the reverse is generally the case. The best means of differentiation are on underside of hindwing. 
In cribrellum the ground colour within the discal band always extends beyond vein 8, even if only as a small 
spot, whilst in tessellum it never does. Besides this tessellum has a marginal row of white spots on underside 
of hindwings which always encloses a row of lunules in the ground colour between same and the margin, even 
if only minute. In cribrellum the marginal spots are confluent, forming a band which extends to the margin; 
this is similarly so in tessellum-cribrelloides. On underside of hindwings of tessellum the inner edge of the 1st 
and 2nd spots of discal band extends equally far towards base. In cribrellum spot 2 extends considerably 
further inwards. — cribrelloides Warr. are very small specimens of 25—28 mm with relatively large white cribrclloi- 
spots on upperside. On underside of hindwings the marginal spots are large. Sarepta, Uralsk. 
H„ gigas Brem. (Vol. 1, p. 338, pi. 85 f). — The form dilutior Ruhl is somewhat smaller, less deep black gigas. 
with grey-green hairs at base of wing. Markings on hindwings not quite such a pure white, but much more dilutior. 
distinct, similar to tessellum. On underside scarcely paler than gigas. Mongolia. 
6. alveus- Group ( Ateleomorpha Warr.). 
H. onopordi Rmb. (Vol. 1, p. 339, pi. 85 i). subconyzae Vrty., venusta Vrty. and probably also funginus onopordi. 
Schilde are only typical onopordi. — It is relatively easily differentiated from other species by the anvil-shaped 
main spot of the discal row on underside of hindwing. Besides the 1st spot of the basal row is elongated, the 
1st of the discal row more or less hollow. The veins are somewhat paler, the main spot delicately circumscribed 
by black. — fulvofincta Vrty. has a somewhat more reddish ground colour on underside of hindwings. In mid- fulvolincta. 
Italy this description can be applied to certain specimens of the 2nd generation, whilst in N. Africa it is the 
normal form, tersior, tersissima, rubescens, pallidissime-fulva , postgenita are further creations of Verity for 
slightly varying or quite identical specimens. — albovelata Vrty. denotes specimens with white scales distributed cilbovelata. 
over the upperside. — pallidissima Vrty. are large specimens with very pale undersides, chiefly found in Central pallidissi- 
Spain. — In reducta Warr. the main spot on underside of hindwings is not elongated inwards like armori- rci j ucla ma " 
canus. — quercii Oberih. is a large race. White markings on upperside of hindwings very distinct and wider quercii. 
at top and bottom. Just as bellieri is to foulquieri. Caserta. — conyzae Guen. is mentioned as a species in Vol. 1, conyzae. 
p. 329. It is only a form of onopordi that occurs everywhere. Greyer than type on underside of hindwings. 
H„ serratulae Rmb. (Vol. 1, p. 338, pi. 85 h). latealbata Vrty. does not differ much from serratulae. — serratulae. 
This species can be differentiated from the similar carlinae and fritillum by the yellowish underside of hindwings, 
which is more reddish in the other two species. On upperside of forewings the discoidal lunule is narrower and 
more irregular in serratulae than in fritillum and the markings of upperside of hindwings are much fainter. 
Besides this they occur at quite different seasons, carlinae can only be differentiated from serratulae by the 
colour on underside of hindwings. This colour is more uniform in serratulae , whilst in carlinae it is more spotted. 
On underside of hindwings in serratulae the front basal spot is oval whilst in carlinae it is shorter and often 
quadrate. The main marginal spot behind the cell in serratulae is scarcely longer than wide, whilst in carlinae 
it is distinctly longer, alveus can be differentiated by the veins on underside of hindwings. In serratulae they 
are the same colour as the ground colour, in alveus they are white in the region of the discal band like the spots. 
-—- occidentalis Luc. (16 i) is a very large form (29—31 mm). The white markings correspond to the size; only occidenialis. 
spot 3 of the discal row on forewings is inclined to be somewhat larger, whilst spot 5 is considerably smaller. 
Vendee. — balcaniea Warr. 28—30 mm, therefore slightly smaller. The white spots on upperside of forewings balcanica. 
in the $ are smaller, in the $ some can even be absent. The spots of the discal row are similar to alveus, that 
is to say spots 4 and 6 well separated from spots 3 and 7. Hindwings generally very dark. Spots on underside 
of forewings larger, therefore typical. Also on hindwings the spots especially of discal band very lai’ge and even 
more heavily intersected by ground colour along the veins than is typical. Montenegro. — mralensis Warr. uralensis. 
(16 i). Somewhat smaller still. Ground colour of and § brownish black. In the all white markings are 
large and distinct, also on hindwings. They are fainter in the $, but nevertheless bolder than in type. All 
markings on underside are heavy, the marginal row generally heavily developed. On forewings ground colour 
grey at base and apex. Underside of hindwings as greenish as is often the case in alpine specimens. Uralsk, 
Kisilskaja. — planorum Vrty. is somewhat paler than type on underside of hindwings, say yellowish orange with planorum. 
slightly greenish admixture and is scarcely worth denomination. It occurs everywhere. — conspersa Rev. conspersa. 
has the 2 first spots of the discal row on upperside of forewings confluent, similarly in the discoidal row and 
besides the first spots of both rows; therefore a sub-form of tarasoides. —- ochracea Rev. All markings of ochracea. 
upperside suffused with ochreous, similarly the fringes and also the underside. — extensa Warr. On underside extensa. 
of hindwings the main spot of the discal row has not a straight edge inwardly, but bulges outwards in the middle, 
similarly to carthami. — In alveiformis Warr. the front basal spot on underside of hindwings is less elongated alveiformis. 
and more quadrate, also the 1st spot of the discal row is quadrate. — fragilis Vrty. is small, somewhat more fragilis. 
grey. The 3rd basal spot on underside of hindwings is only present as a dot. — nigra Hoffm. and restricta Hoffm. 
are synonymous with caecus Frey. Besides there is a dwarf form which has been named minor Oberih. 
H. carlinae Rmb. (Vol. 1, p. 338, pi. 85 h). The 2nd basal spot on underside of hindwings is generally carlinae. 
much smaller than the 3rd, the ground colour is uniform; it can thus be differentiated from fritillum. In 
onopordi the discoidal lunule of forewings is straight outwardly, in carlinae it is hollowed out. The 1st spot 
Supplementary Volume 1 40 
