NAXIDIA; MALACODEA; OPEROPHTERA. By L. B. Prout. 
95 
41. Genus: ]\axi <1 ia IImps. 
(See Vol. 4, p. 192.) 
Dr. Sterneck first called attention to an irregularity in the subcostal venation of this genus (see 
roseni). The areole, which is generally simple, becomes (or rather, from the phylogenetic standpoint, remains), 
double in roseni; investigating my own material for connecting links, 1 found one specimen of irrorata in which 
the left forewing had a double areole, the proximal one the larger, but otherwise — and Dr. Wehrli confirms 
my experience — the venation seems pretty constant for the 3 original species. 
N. roseni Wehrli (= irrorata Sterneck nec Moore) (9 g) differs from the rest in so many particulars that roseni. 
Wehrli proposes for it a separate subgenus, Binareolaria. Palpus more slender and pointed, face brownish, 
not white, antennal ciliation of longer than in irrorata (% to y 3 diameter of shaft), forewing more produced 
apically, areole almost constantly double, the proximal the smaller (in only one of 14 recorded examples simple 
in both wings, in another simple in the left wing only). Larger and darker than glaphyra, markings more 
as in punctata. The type series from Tatsien-lu, one recorded from Sungpanting. 
N. glaphyra Wehrli (9g). Smaller and whiter (less irrorated) than typical irrorata (Vol. 4, pi. lie), wings glaphyra. 
broad, termen of forewing rounded, antennal ciliation minute (%), markings sharp, the subterminal series often 
thickened. Hindwing and underside also with the markings well developed. W. China: Siaolu, “Tientsin” 
[ ? Tientsuen] Tatsienlu and Kunkala-slian, described as a race of irrorata, but as white forms of that occur 
with the greyer ones both in Sikkim and W. China, and do not differ in shape or structure, I suspect this 
is a species. 
N. hypocyrta Wehrli (9 h). Palpus shorter than in the other species, brownish. The whitish face edged hypocyria. 
with browmish above and beneath. Antenna much more serrate than in roseni (9 g), with fascicles of cilia 
longer than diameter of shaft. Cell-dot of forewing larger than in any other Naxidia except punctata (Vol. 4, pi. 
7 f), postmedian regularly rounded, not angled. Siaolu, only the type known. 
42. Genus: Malaeo«Iea Tgstr. 
(See Vol. 4, p. 193.) 
Ktjsnezov has made some very thorough-going studies in the morphology and biology of this interesting 
genus and the degree of its relationship with Operophtera. The greater part of his work is in Russian and has 
not yet, so far as I can learn, been translated into either of the languages of Western Europe. The genitalia 
of course confirm its position in the Oporinia group; those of the $ closely approach those of Operophtera. The 
venation of the semi-apterous $ is intermediate in development between those of fagata and brumata ; its pupal 
wing — as in other such cases — is well developed and only differs a little in size from that of the 
M. regelaria Tgstr. (Vol. 4, pi. 12 a) (= relegaria ex err., p. 193, German edn.) Restricted to Pinus regelaria. 
sylvestris. Some additions have been made to its range, the most interesting being its occurrence in the Pet- 
chora basin on the frontier of the Taiga and the Tundra. 
43. Genus: Operophtera Hbn. 
Ktjsnezov has investigated the venation of the in fagata all the veins and branches are well 
developed, though of course much reduced; in brumata greatly aborted, mainly in the subcostal and radial 
systems. 
O. fagata Scharfenb. (Vol. 4, pi. 6 e, as boreata). Schawerda has recorded the occurrence of this fagata. 
species in Corsica, its most southerly known habitat. Rebel has added Angora. — ab. pygmaeata Isaak, pygmacata. 
This name is proposed for small examples (up to % the normal size) with obsolescent markings. This and 
the following were founded on material from Zawiercie, Poland. — ab. isaaki Isaak. Central area of the fore- isaaki. 
wing entirely without markings, light whitish-grey, proximal and distal areas grey-brown. 
0. brumata L. (Vol. 4, pi. 6 e). On Capri, according to Sohn-Rethel, the exclusive flight-time is the brumata. 
early spring, namely throughout February. A mixed gynandromorph, bred by Heinrich, is recorded in the 
Intern. Ent. Zeitschr., Vol. 20, p. 203. — ab. harrisoni nov. Prof. J. W. H. Harrison reports “a fully melanic harrisoni. 
variety” captured in the sex at light in some numbers in the Team Valley, N. Durham. A more extreme 
development than ab. unicolor Lambill. (Vol. 4, p. 194). — ab. loc. myrtillivora Hoffmann. Much smaller than myrtillivora. 
brumata of the lowlands, considerably darker, the markings strengthened, brown. Abundant among bilberry 
(on w'hieh the larva there feeds) at altitudes of 900—1100 m. Described from Styria. 
0. peninsularis Djakonov. Tongue more rudimentary, $ wingless, thus belonging to the American peninsularis. 
subgenus Rachela Hulst. On an average smaller than brumata; tongue not quite so vestigial as in its American 
relatives. Wings, especially the posterior, somewhat narrower than in Operophtera; in coloration about inter¬ 
mediate between fagata and brumata, very transparent, light smoke-brown, without any darkened areas; 
