CIDARIA. By L. B. Prout. 
with black cell-mark; $, from England. — ab. rufescens Strom, founded on a Danish specimen, is a widely rufescens. 
distributed “mutation”, but most frequent in N. W. Europe, especially in parts of Denmark. The colour of 
the band varies considerably, from the brighter orange-yellows to cinnamon or the “sayal-brown” of Rldgway 
and its costal part, usually grey-mixed, is occasionally whitish, still more rarely (hitherto only observed in <$<$, 
which He ydemann regards as homozygote rufescens) yellowish like the rest of the area. Groth has given careful 
attention to this rufescens (sens, lat.) series and to its crosses with the perfuscata and nigerrimata series. The 
pure-bred (homozygotic) rufescens is, in his experience, well differentiable from the heterozygotes, the median 
band being of a brighter, more reddish yellow and almost, or entirely devoid of the lines which traverse it 
in the latter. — ab. loc. ochreata Schille probably needs, on geographical grounds, to be separated from ab. ochreata. 
rufescens, as the forms from Central Europe seem regularly to have the median area lighter ochreous, in varying 
degree mixed with whitish. The type specimen, from Rytro, Galicia, at above 1100 m, 2 August, had the 
first 2 bands of the forewing infuscated, not brown-red, the median area much broadened, lightened and suf¬ 
fused with “orange-yellow”, probably not far from the Svendborg $ figured by Groth at fig. A 1. — ab. mixta mixta. 
Prout (= composita L. Mull.). Described by me as a “semi - nr e 1 a n i c form, central area tawny [i. e. as 
in rufescens'], basal and marginal areas dark fuscous;” now known to be the resultant of the rufescens-niger- 
rimata elements. Dr. Muller re-named it, under the impression that I had intended by mixta a form with 
the “tawny” colour darkened. My type, a $ from Hale End, near London, is still in my collection. — ab. fusco- fuscorufes- 
tufescens nov. (8 i). This form, the resultant of rufescens perfuscata, has been dealt with by Groth and figured at 
B 2, B 3 and B 4 of his paper; and he urges, in the interests of clarity, that it should have a separate name. 
It differs from true mixta in the retention of some white markings in the proximal and distal areas and in the 
non-melanic hindwing and underside. — ab. latefasciata Dahlstrom, with “median area very broad, pale yellow latefasciata. 
or white”, seems to have been erected quite independently of Staudinger's, which properly refers to a separate 
species; and as there is no homonymy law regarded aberrations, it may conveniently be applied as a part of 
the system of collective names within Dysstroma. — A more southerly locality has been added to the range 
of truncata by its discovery at Vizzavona, Corsica in the form rufescens (sens, lat.); not yet demonstrated to 
be separable racially. From the Orient, Heydemann lias described two races, of which he has established 
the status by an examination of the genitalia. — transbaicalensis Heydem. Distinguishable by the leaden grey transbaica- 
dusting on all the darker parts of the forewing, the median area remaining white or white-grey, the hindwing 
proximally more slightly, distally more densely irrorated with grey, the white subterminal spots almost ob¬ 
solete. Lake Baikal and Transbaikal, also a <§ from Urga, Mongolia. Somewhat recalls infuscata Tgstr. — ab. 
rufescens Heydem., with the median area light yellow-ochreous or ochre-yellow, occurs both at Lake Baikal rufescens. 
and at Urga. — sinensis Heydem. (13 a). More dusky than the preceding, resembling dark t. truncata but with sinensis. 
the forewing coloration much less contrasting, all the black parts merely dark-grey, the brown bands dull 
grey-brown. Szechuan: Wassekou, Sunpanting, Tu-pa-keo, etc. Not very variable, but includes occasionally 
an ab. perfuscata or an ab. centumnotata. From imitaria (11 g), which occurs with it, it may best be distin¬ 
guished by the darkened hindwing. 
C. concinnata Steph. (Vol. 4, pi. 8 k). Much study has been given also to this interesting species since concinnata. 
the appearance of Vol. 4. The cornuti have proved inconstant, as also Cockayne's suggestion of distinctions 
in the broader and more abruptly widened $ valve and the much broader spine-covered area round the neck 
of the bursa in concinnata; indeed Rayward, on a careful comparison of both sexes with truncata from very 
various parts of the British Isles, has concluded that “there are no differences in the genitalia which can be 
depended upon as good characters” for the separation of concinnata. It is, of course, still possible that con¬ 
cinnata in other races exists in other parts of Scotland and Ireland and is causing a part of the difficulty; in 
any case, single-brooded and more or less similar “ truncata " occur in many parts of Scotland, especially the 
Highlands, and in particular races of one or the other from the Hebrides and from Achill Island (off Mayo) 
have even been determined as concinnata and are still engaging careful attention; these latter seem to have 
identical habits, feeding chiefly on heather and resting by preference upon the granite rocks where — at least 
in the case of Arran concinnata — their mottled colouring affords them marvellous protection. As in some 
parallel cases (C. variata and obeliscata or Ectropis crepuscularia and bistortata) the occurrence of the two allies 
side by side but with different life cycles and without any intermingling, is sufficient evidence for Arran of 
biologically distinct species. Cockayne emphasizes the heavily marked hindwing beneath, especially its post¬ 
median line, as characteristic for concinnata. Hawkins, without claiming to have found anything decisive 
or final in the pupa, indicates “Poulton's line” as clearly indicated in dark-brown (almost black), such as is only 
faintly suggested in one examined truncata pupa. Sheldon found no constant difference between larvae 
of concinnata and the variable truncata-, those of the Achill Island Dysstroma he found quite different in colour 
from those of Arran, a 11 being entirely green, both before and after hibernating. — ab. centumnotata Heydem. 
has the central band of the median area clean white. — ab. p rfuscata Heydem. has the median area blackisli- 
brown. — The naming of the manifold further aberrations of the imago, if needful, can probably be adapted 
from Heydemann’s scheme of nomina collectiva. The nearest approach to the rufescens series is a curious- 
looking creature, the median area mottled wuth ochreous, white and black. 
centumnota¬ 
ta 
perfuscata. 
