34 
OIL-FIELD WATERS IN SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CAL. 
The factors in the accompanying table may be used for converting 
statements in hypothetic combinations into ionic form. The product 
obtained by multiplying the reported content of each salt by the 
appropriate factor is the content of the positive radicle or base, and 
the difference between this product and the reported content of the 
salt is the content of the negative or acid radicle in the compound. 
The aggregate for each radicle in the various salts is the total quantity 
of that radicle in the water. Silica, iron oxide, and alumina may 
generally be considered colloids and so retained in the restated 
analysis. 
Factors for calculating the amount of the base or 'positive radicle in various salts. 
Given— 
To find— 
Factor. 
Calcium sulphate (CaS0 4 ). 
* 
Calcium (Ca). 
0. 294 
Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ). 
.do. 
.361 
Calcium carbonate (CaC0 3 ). 
.do. 
.400 
Calcium bicarbonate (CaH■>( 003 ) 2 ). 
.do. 
.247 
Magnesium sulphate (MgS0 4 )..!.. 
Magnesium (Mg).. 
.do. 
.202 
Magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) .. 
. 255 
Magnesium carbonate (MgCOp. 
.... do. 
.288 
Magnesium bicarbonate (MgH 2 (C 0 3 ) 2 ). 
.do. 
.165 
Sodium sulphate (Na 2 S 0 4 ) T........ 
Sodium (Na). 
.324 
Sodium chloride (NaCl). 
.do. 
.394 
Sodium carbonate (Na 9 C 0 3 ). 
.do. 
.434 
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCOa). 
.do. 
.274 
Sodium sulphide (Na^S).. 
.do. 
.590 
Sodium acid sulphide tNaHS). 
_ do. 
. 411 
Potassium sulphate (K 2 SOP. 
Potassium (K).... 
.do. 
.449 
Potassium chloride (KC1). 
.524 
Potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ). 
.do. 
.569 
Potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3 ). 
.... do . 
391 
Hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S). 
Hydrogen (H).... 
.059 
For illustration the details of converting an analysis into ionic form 
in parts per million are given. The labor involved is considerably 
lessened if a slide rule or similar calculating machine is used. 
Grains per 
Analysis as reported : u. S. gallon. 
Calcium sulphate (CaS0 4 ). 3. 79 
Calcium carbonate (CaC0 3 ). 7. 90 
Sodium chloride (NaCl)... L .40. 60 
Sodium carbonate (Na 2 C0 3 ).21. 70 
73. 99 
Recalculation: 
3.79 grains CaS0 4 X .294. 1.11 Ca 
3.79 - 1.11. 2. 68 S0 4 
7.90 grains CaC0 3 X .400 . 3.16 Ca 
7.90 - 3.16 . 4. 74 C0 3 
40.60 grains NaCl X .394 . 16. 00 Na 
40.60 - 16.00 . 24. 60 Cl 
21.70grains Na 2 C0 3 X .434 . 9. 43 Na 
21.70 - 9.43 . 12. 27 C0 3 
