CONTENTS. 
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Page. 
Introduction. 5 
Conclusions and recommendations. 5 
Acknowledgments. G 
Need for more analyses. 7 
Location of the oil fields. 8 
San Joaquin Valley. 9 
Geography and drainage. 9 
Geology. 9 
Underground water. 11 
Occurrence of water in the oil fields. 12 
General distribution. 12 
Water sands. 13 
Texture. 13 
Freedom of circulation. 14 
Dry sands. 15 
Relation to the oil. 16 
Physical characteristics. 17 
Head or pressure. 17 
Temperature. 19 
Geologic conditions that influence the composition of water. 20 
General features. 20 
Origin of salt water in rocks. 20 
Relation of geologic structure to distribution of salt water in the oil fields. 23 
General association of salt water and petroleum. 25 
Distribution of water in the oil fields. 26 
Coalinga field. 26 
Lost Hills field. 27 
McKittrick field. 27 
Midway-Sunset field. 28 
Kern River field. 29 
Analysis of water and interpretation of results. 29 
Mineral constituents in water. 29 
Collection of samples. 30 
Chemical analysis. 31 
Determination of constituents. 31 
Statement of analysis. 32 
Reacting values. 35 
Properties of reaction. 37 
Source and statement of analyses in this report. 40 
Classification of the oil-field waters. 41 
Distribution and significance of the constituents. 41 
Alkalies (sodium and potassium). 41 
Alkaline earths (calcium and magnesium). 42 
Sulphate. 43 
Chloride.-. 44 
Carbonate and bicarbonate..*. 44 
Sulphide. 45 
Iron and aluminum. 46 
Silica.-.*. 47 
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