462 
NYCTIPAO. By M. Gaeoe. 
crepuscula¬ 
ris. 
noctualis. 
clavifera. 
dentifascia. 
icrmini- 
tincta. 
variegata. 
obliquemacu- 
lata. 
intermedia. 
mejorensis. 
leucotaenia 
deochrata. 
subdbscura. 
somewhat angulated over vein 5; the extension over vein 1 somewhat inwards, is generally absent. On hind- 
wings two large white spots below the costa represent the outer line, sometimes continued in a row of small 
white dots. In $ base of hindwings is paler. 70—90 mm. throughout India. 
The following species have nearly all a brownish and much less dark 
colouration of the ground and white bands or spots. 
N. crepuscularis L. (= ephesperis Him.). In regard to this species Joannas has sought, as recorded 
in the Ann. Soc. Fr. 97, p. 349, to rectify the position in regard to the names crepuscularis, ephesperis and 
leucotaenia. In the interests of stabilising recognised denominations we are leaving matters as they are. - 
crepuscularis L. (= ephesperis Hbn.) is chiefly distributed in the western part of our territory and occurs with 
the form laetitia Btlr. also in Japan. It was fully dealt with in Vol. Ill, p. 322 and illustrated on pi. 58 d and 
59 a. — noctualis Strd. from Formosa is described from a single small $. Very dusky. Outer band of both wings 
and the band surrounding the ocellus on forewings as narrow lines, the outer band on fore wings repeatedly 
interrupted. 
N. clavifera Hmps. (= leucotaenia On. part.). This and the following species down to leucotaenia, 
differ so little from crepuscularis, that they are probably all forms of the same species. Only the $ of clavi¬ 
fera is known, described from the Philippines, but also occurring in Hongkong. The difference between it 
and a crepuscularis $ consists in the straight outline of the proximal side of the white postmedian band of fore¬ 
wings and the absence of the pale oblique band below the ocellus. It is displaced there by a more vertical 
dark diffuse line. $ 90 mm. 
N. dentifascia Wlcr. (= variegata Swh.) (45 d). The is easily recognisable by the very large white spot 
on costa of hindwings. Forewings dark brown. Antemedian line incurved to base. The black median line with 
diffuse outer ochreous white edge, angulated inwards under vein 2, then obliquely to inner margin, similarly 
as in crepuscularis . Traces of a white postmedian line, that is dentate in centre, like in crepuscularis . Distally 
dark brown from costa to vein 6. The white submarginal line heavily dentate. Hindwings dark brown with 
pale median band. In $ the outer band of fore wings is narrowly white, fairly regularly dentate, straight, 
wider on hindwings, only outwardly with radial dentations. — terminitincta Strd. is a $ in which the outer area 
of forewings is more heavily white, on hindwings costa is white to beyond the centre, as in typical forms. 
90—112 mm. Queensland, N. S. Wales. 
N. variegata $ Btlr. (= caliginea $ Btlr.) (46 a). The $ has much resemblance to a small crepuscularis on 
which the submarginal line of both wings consists of bold white spots. Ground colour dark brown. Around the 
ocellus of forewings a black median line extends straight to % of inner margin, with wide band on outer edge, 
that is white anteriorly, then ochre-brown. Distally on costa and inner margin triangular dark brown patches 
and the white submarginal lines. In $ the median line on forewings is like in dentifascia, fine, dark, more 
vertical over the inner margin than in J. The outer white band is narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, like 
in clavifera and leucotaenia , but above vein 4 more vertically upturned to costa. On hindwings the white band 
is wider than in the 2 other named species. — obliquemaculata Strd. The insignificant white spot on both 
wings between vein 3 and 4 in the submarginal line is placed obliquely. 75—100 mm. Solomon Islands. - 
According to Swinhoe caliginea is not the $ °f variegata, but a separate species. The genuine variegata $ is 
similar to the <J, larger, with increased white on wings. 
N. intermedia Pagst. (bismarckia Hmps.) (46 a, c). Forewings dark brown. Median line obliquely 
inwards below the ocellus. The yellow outer band only in one single specimen as narrow as depicted by Hamp- 
son, generally it is wider and more heavily notched inwards on outerside behind the cell. A row of small 
white or ye!low' submarginal spots near the outer band below the white apical spot. On hindwings the yellow 
outer band is much wider. Apical spot and submarginal line as on forewings. In $ the median line, so far 
as concerns its encirclement of the ocellus, is whiter, then below vein 2 it proceeds somewhat more vertically 
to inner margin. The wide outer band and the submarginal spots on both wings white. 95—100 mm. Bismarck 
Archipelago. — meforensis E. Prout from Dutch New Guinea is slightly smaller. Median line on forewings 
extends more obliquely to inner margin than is shown by Hampson 's illustration of intermedia, but the latter 
may not have been exact. On hindwings the central band appears somewhat more curved. — In 1 from 
Batjan and 1 $ from Halmahera the outer band is displaced somewhat further proximally, so that the space 
to the submarginal spots is wider. 
N. leucotaenia On. (=- crepuscularis Clerck) (46 1). Whilst it resembles crepuscularis L. most exactly, 
it has been classified far apart by Hampson. Inner and median bands do not vary in <$, the fine straight 
white postmedian line, that is only angulated in centre, is absent. On hindwings central line is not white. In 
$ the median line of fore wings proceeds under the ocellus more vertically to inner margin. Outer band on 
both wings is widely white. The illustration that Hampson gives of clavifera $ shows no discernible differ¬ 
ences from leucotaenia in intermedia $ the white bands of both wings are wider. - deochrata Strd. denotes 
darker <$<$ without the ochreous brown tone in median band. — subobscura Rothsch. is a $ that has no white 
