68 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
oxygen and hydrogen, which are simple substances, 
incapable of further decomposition. 
What are the different states of natural bodies ? 
The matter which constitutes this lower world is 
usually divided by philosophical writers, into four 
classes, viz: solid, liquid, aeriform, and imponderable. 
What do you mean by a solid body ? 
Solidity is that quality of bodies whereby their 
parts cohere firmly, so as to receive impression.* 
What are liquid substances l 
Liquid substances are those whose parts do not 
firmly cohere, but readily yield to any impression, 
and have free motion amongst themselves, f They 
also assume, when in small masses, the spherical 
form, as may be observed in detached portions of 
mercury, and are incapable of being compressed into 
a smaller compass by mechanical force. 
What are aeriform substances ? 
All elastic fluids, usually called vapors and gases, 
belong to this class of matter. 
What substances are they which constitute the fourth 
class, or the imponderable bodies ? 
These are four only, viz : light, caloric, electricity, 
and magnetism. They are also sometimes denomi¬ 
nated unconfinable, or etherial substances. 
What occasions the difference which is observable in 
solid and liquid substances ? 
Liquid substances are merely solids converted into 
liquids by heat, a certain increase of which would 
convert any liquid into an elastic vapor, similar to 
that fluid body which surrounds the globe, and is de¬ 
scribed under the name of atmospheric air. 
Why is the air called a fluid ? 
Because it flows like a fluid; because like a fluid 
it presses in every direction, and because light sub¬ 
stances will swim in it. 
What explanation do you give of bodies swimming 
in fluids ? 
All fluids upon which solids float are specifically 
heavier than those solids. This is an established 
law of nature. Thus a cork swims upon water, while 
a stone sinks in it. 
Have you a clear idea of the cause which makes some 
substances sink, and others swim in the same fluid l 
Those which swim are lighter, and those which 
sink are heavier, than that fluid:—thus in water, if a 
substance be heavier than a portion of water of its 
own bulk, it must sink. 
What term is made use of to express the relative 
weight of bodies ? 
Specific gravity. Thus the specific gravity of one 
body may be much greater than that of another, 
though their absolute weights be the same. 
How do you explain the difference m the specific gra¬ 
vity of different bodies ? 
When one body is larger, or takes up more room, 
than another of the same weight, the first is said to 
be specifically lighter than the other, and vice versa. 
What definition do you give of the atmosphere which 
you speak of in connexion with this subject ? 
The atmosphere is that very light fluidf which sur- 
* Lavoisier has explained solidity thus: “ The particles of 
all bodies,” says he, “ may be considered as subject to the 
action of two opposite powers, repulsion and attraction, be¬ 
tween which they remain in equilibrio. So long as the at¬ 
tractive force remains stronger, the body must continue in a 
state of solidity ; but if, on the contrary, heat has so far re¬ 
moved these particles from each other as to place them be¬ 
yond the sphere of attraction, they lose the cohesion they be¬ 
fore had for each other, and the body ceases to be solid.” 
f We have no reason to suppose that fluidity is an essen¬ 
tial property of any liquid substance whatever; but rather 
that solidity is the natural state of all bodies; for we are able 
to reduce most substances to a state of fluidity by the combi¬ 
nation of caloric. In general, bodies treated in this way, ex¬ 
pand in all their dimensions, and the attraction of aggrega¬ 
tion is so much weakened thereby, that the particles of the 
body slide over each other, and are put in motion by the 
slightest impulse. This is the only distinguishing character 
of "fluidity that we are acquainted with. On the contrary, 
the greatest number of liquid substances take a solid form by 
reduction of temperature. Thus water congeals and forms 
ice Even the gases show this disposition. Chlorine, or 
oxymuriatic acid gas, becomes concrete, and crystallises at a 
temperature near to that at which water congeals. All the 
gaseous substances, when they have lost their elasticity, by 
forming certain combinations, are disposed to assume the 
solid state, if the temperature allows it. Ammoniacal gas 
and carbonic acid gas, become solid as soon as they enter 
into combination; and hydrogen gas, the most subtle of the 
ponderable elastic fluids, and fourteen times lighter than the 
air we breathe, forms, with oxygen gas, the water which be¬ 
comes ice. 
f Atmospheric air, like all other elastic fluids, yields to the 
slightest impulse, and is put in motion with the greatest ease; 
but it has not the power of penetrating many substances, like 
oils and some other fluids. 
The facility and rapidity of the motion of atmospheric air, 
cannot be explained on any principle but its fluidity. Some 
of the winds move nearly at the rate of 4,000 feet, in a mi¬ 
nute. This great velocity was, doubtless, designed to pro¬ 
duce some beneficial effects in the economy of nature, with 
which at present we are not acquainted. I come to this con¬ 
clusion because I think we have sufficient grounds for be¬ 
lieving that the Deity does nothing in vain. 
“ His wisdom guides the rushing winds, 
Or tips the bolt with flame; 
His goodness breathes in every breeze, 
And warms in every beam.”—D arwin. 
rounds us every where: it is the medium in which 
we live, and without which we could not exist. 
What is the specific gravity of atmospheric air ? 
A pint measure of atmospheric air weighs nearly 
nine grains, whereas a pint measure of hydrogen gas 
weighs little more than half a grain. The same mea¬ 
sure of pure water weighs upwards of one pound 
avoirdupois. 
If the specific gravity of water be so much greater 
than that of atmospheric air, how is water retained in 
the atmosphere ? 
The water which is taken up by the atmosphere, 
is not in an aqueous state, but is converted into va¬ 
por by the matter of heat. 
What is the immediate cause of the waters of the earth 
being thus evaporated l 
As the rays of the sun warm the ground, a portion 
of caloric, or the matter of heat, combines with a 
portion of the water which has fallen upon the earth, 
arid converts it into vapour. 
But what causes the vapor to rise in the air ? 
If a cork be placed at the bottom of a basin of wa¬ 
ter, it rises immediately to the top, because it is spe¬ 
cifically lighter than the water; so vapor rises in the 
air, because it is specifically lighter than the air. 
What becomes of the water which thus evaporates 
from the earth l 
It occupies the lower regions of the atmosphere, 
and is preserved there partly dissolved in air, and 
partly in the state of elastic vapor. 
How is this vapor formed into clouds ? 
After it has remained some time in the atmosphere, 
it becomes in a measure condensed by causes un¬ 
known to us ; and the particles of water of which it 
is composed unite, and form small hollow vesicles, 
which accumulate together and produce clouds. 
What further changes take place in this aqueous va¬ 
por ? 
By the operation of causes which are also in a 
great measure unknown, the clouds after a time be¬ 
come further condensed, and are converted into wa¬ 
ter, which falls again upon the earth in the form of 
rain, hail, or snow. 
What is the use of this constitution of nature ? 
This principle of evaporation is of great utility; it 
is subservient to many natural and artificial proces¬ 
ses ; and is of perpetual use to man in every occu¬ 
pation of life. 
Nothing so much aids us in learning, as writing down 
the things we wish to remember. — Lat. 
Moneys received during the last month, in sums office dollars 
and over. The total receipts are included from post-offices 
marked with an asterisk.* 
No. Vols 
No. Vols 
Auburn, Cayuga, 
8 
Dublin, 
N. H. 
11 
Avoca, Steuben, 
5 
Dryden, Tompkins, 
6 
Argyle, Wash. 
6 
'Easton, Wash. 
20 
'Amenia, Dutchess, 
16 
'Elmira, Chem., 
34 
Au Sable Forks, Essex, 
6 
Easthampton, Suff. 
11 
Abington, 
Pa. 
16 
Eagle Harbor, Orleans, 
5 
Athens, 
11 
6 
Elizabeth, 
Ia. 
n 
Ashtabula, 
O. 
17 
Evansville, 
U 
22 
Amherst C. H. 
Va. 
17 
Elizabethtown, 
Ky. 
5 
*Abingd@n, 
1 l 
39 
Egremont, 
Mass. 
16 
Bouckville, Madison, 
11 
'Enfield, 
Ct. 
14 
*Black Rock, Erie, 
16 
Elberton, 
Ga. 
35 
*Binghamton, Br. 
15 
Frederica, 
Del. 
6 
^Bridgeport, 
Ct. 
16 
Friendship, 
Md. 
38 
Belvidere, 
N. J. 
16 
Franklin, 
O. 
11 
*Brookville, 
Md. 
22 
Farm ville, 
Va. 
5 
*Baltimore, 
it 
38 
'Front Royal, 
it 
10 
Boydtown, 
Va. 
23 
Frankfort, 
Ky. 17 
*Bethany Church, N. C. 
30 
Flemington, 
N. J. 
17 
Barnard, 
Vt. 
11 
'Freehold, 
t i 
32 
*Bosion. Mass. 101 
Farmer, 
Tenn. 
11 
*Bardstown, 
Ky. 
16 
Florida, Mont. 
8 
Buffalo, Erie, 
7 
Flushing, Queens, 
15 
Berlin, Rens. 
5 
Fallsburgh, Sull. 
5 
Carlisle, Schoharie, 
7 
'Goshen, Or., 
12 
*Coxsaekie, Greene, 
22 
Geneva, Ont. 
23 
Cambridge, Wash. 
6 
Gorham, Ont. 
6 
Cleveland, Oswego, 
12 
Gustavus, 
O. 
7 
'Caledonia, Liv., 
14 
Gallipolis, 
u 
11 
'Canton, St. Law., 
8 
Gallatin, 
Tenn. 
10 
Canaan Centre, Col. 
7 
Groveton, 
Va. 
5 
Chardon, 
0. 
5 
Greensboro, 
Ia. 
5 
Chillicothe, 
O. 
11 
'Georgetown lx! Roads Md. 16 
Culpepper, C. H. 
Va. 
5 
Geloster, 
Mich. 
5 
Charlotteville, 
U 
23 
'Greenwich, 
N. J. 
75 
Chuckatuck, 
u 
6 
'Hoosick Falls, Renns., 
17 
Ca Ira, 
ti 
22 
Hoosick, Renns. 
16 
Christiansburgh, 
it 
5 
Hudson, Col. 
9 
'Charlotte C. H. 
a 
10 
'Huntington, Suff., 
26 
Connellsville, 
Pa. 
0 
Hopewell, Ont. 
6 
Carrolton, 
Ill. 
17 
'Hadlyme, 
Ct. 
14 
Chicago, 
U 
5 
'Hartford, 
u 
19 
Cheeks >4 Roads, Tenn. 
12 
Hartford, 
Vt. 
17 
Cave Hill, 
a 
6 
'Harrisonburgh, 
Va. 
27 
Chambersburgh, 
la. 
11 
Heaths ville, 
a 
10 
Conway, 
Mass. 
9 
Huntsville, 
Ala. 
36 
Chaptico, 
Md. 
5 
'Harris burgh, 
Pa. 
17 
'Church Hill, 
U 
22 
Hillsboro, 
O. 
17 
Chestertovvn, 
it 
14. 
Hamburgh, 
N. J. 
7 
Cassville, Wis 
Ter. 
16 
Ithaca, Tomp. 
12 
'Canton, 
Ct. 
12 
Jonesville, Sara. 
7 
'Dixon’s Ferry, 
Ill. 
23 
Johnson Springs, 
Va. 
23 
Danbury, 
Ct. 
8 
Jeffersonton, 
a 
5 
Dedham, 
Mass. 
36 
Jackson, 
Tenn. 
5 
Draper’s Valley, 
Va. 
10 
Ipswieh, 
Mass. 
6 
Kingston, Ulster, 
Keeseville, Essex, 
'Keene, N. H 
'Kelloggsville, O 
Kingston, U. C 
Lansingburgh, Rens. 
Del. 
Md. 
Mass. 
u 
Va. 
Ct. 
u. c. 
Ky. 6 
i i 
la. 
Mo. 
Tenn. 11 
Lewes, 
Leonardstown, 
'Lenox, 
'Lee, 
La Grange, 
Lancaster, 
Liberty Mills, 
'Lynchburgh, 
Lafayette, 
'Litchfield, 
Lanark, 
Lockport, Niag. 
Monroe, Orange, 
Maltaville, Sara. 
Manhassett, Queens, 
'Mamaroneck, West. 
Meredith, Del. 
Malone, Franklin, 
Mead’s Creek, Steuben, 
Monroe, Ga. 
Milberry, Mass. 
Millstone, J\. j, 
Morristown, “ 
*Mendon, m, 
Montpelier, Va. 
Middlebury, “ 
Mayfield, “ 
Middletown, 
McNary’s 
Mishawaka, 
Manchester, 
'Milton, Ulster, 
*Murfreesburghj 
'New' Lebanon, Col. 
Newcastle, West. 
'Newburgh, Or. 
Norwich, Chen. 
Ninevah, Broome, 
'New-York city. 
New Hanford, Oneida, 
Newby’s Bridge, U. C. 
New Vernon, 
'New Brunswick, 
Newbury, 
Nutts ville, 
Newark, 
'New Bedford, 
Ne .vington, 
Norwich Town, 
'Norwalk, 
'New Canaan, “ 
Nashua, [v. jj 
'Nashville, Tenn! 
Newcastle, “ 
Oak Hill, Greene, 
'Oswego, Oswego, 
'Oxford, Chen., 
*Qwego, Tioga. 
Oxford, Gt. 
'Orange C. H., Va* 
Plattekill, Ulster, 
Peekskili, West. 
Putnam, Wash. 
* Plattsburgh, Clin., 
Pittsford, Monroe, 
Peru, Clinton, 
Payson, HI. 
Poughkeepsie, Dutch. 
11 ^Pittsfield. Mass. 19 
20 Pittsford, Vt. 11 
25 Port Tobacco, Md. 25 
5 Petersburgh, Ga. 25 
7 Pollockvilie, N. C. 8 
10 'Philadelphia, Pa. 80 
22 Tains ville, O. 17 
8 Pleasant Hill, N. J. 5 
18 Queenstowm, Md. 5 
17 Richmond, Richmond, 20 
22*Rome, Oneida, 17 
7 *Richmond, Va. 46 
7 Richmond, O. 6 
76 Rockville, Md. 6 
6 Ruckersville, Ga. 19 
16 Reisterstown, Md. 22 
11 Saratoga Spa, Sara. 17 
10 South Bainbridge, Chen. 6 
10 Sodus Point, Wayne, 11 
5 South Kortright, Del. 7 
11 Salsbury Mills, Orange, 10 
13 *Smithtown, Suff. 8 
1( 
N. J. 
U 
Vt. 
Va. 
O. 
Mass. 
Ct. 
11 
11 
44 
6 
6 
29 
30 
25 
5 
22 
11 
11 
7 
15 
o 
17 
6 
37 
*Skaneatelas, Onon., 11 
Schenectady, Sch’y 
9 
Stuyvesant, Col. 
6 
’’’Shrewsbury, 
N. J. 37 
Steubenville, 
O. 24 
*Savage, 
Md. 16 
1 *St. Michaels, 
. “ 8 
Sandy Springs, 
“ 6 
rStone Wall Mills, 
Va. 11 
*Suffolk, 
“ 22 
Shiloh, 
“ 5 
Smith ville, 
“ 15 
St. George’s, 
Del. 11 
Sherburn, 
Mass. 26 
Springfield, 
“ 5 
*Shirley Village, 
“ 23 
Sullivan, 
N. H. 6 
Spring Arbor, 
Mich. 5 
Stafford, 
Vt. 8 
St. Catharine's, 
U. C. 27 
Tomhannock, Rens. 
7 
Tyre, Seneca, 
6 
Trowman’s Store, 
Va. 6 
Terra Haute, 
Ind. 11 
Thibodouxville, 
Lou. 6 
*Utica, Oneida, 
28 
Unionville, 
U. C. 17 
Vernon, Oneida, 
11 
Vincennes, 
Ind. 6 
*Vienna, 
Md. 16 
Vernon, 
Ct. 11 
West Farms, West. 
6 
Whitehall, Wash. 
10 
Wheatland, Monroe 
19 
Westchester, West. 
6 
* Westmoreland, Oneida, 12 
Warsaw, 
Va. 5 
* Wilmington, 
“ 39 
Waterville, 
O. 11 
*Washington, 
D.C. 23 
Westfield, 
Mass. 11 
Willimansett, 
“ 13 
^Warwick, 
“ 11 
Wellington, 
Ct. 5 
Windham, 
“ 12 
Weathersfield, 
“ 11 
* Wilton, 
“ 13 
*West Hartford, 
“ 21 
Williamsport, 
Md. 5 
Williams burgh, 
Pa. 5 
Whitesville, Alleg. 
6 
Yelvington, 
Ky. 6 
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