10G 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
at which the mercury then stands in the tube, indi¬ 
cates the exact temperature of the substance to which 
it has been applied. 
Will the thermometer show the exact quantity of ca¬ 
loric in all bodies ? 
No; it will not show that portion which is latent, 
or chemically combined with any body: for instance, 
fluids require a certain portion of caloric to keep them 
in a state of fluidity; which portion is not indicated 
by the thermometer. 
Is the thermometer, then, of no use in ascertaining 
the temperature of fluids l 
Yes: all fluids operate upon the thermometer in 
the same manner as solids; for, whatever sensible 
caloric be contained in any liquid, that portion is ac¬ 
curately shown by the thermometer. 
What do you call that portion of caloric which is a 
necessary part of fluids ? 
It is called the caloric of fluidity; but different 
fluids require different portions of it to preserve them 
in the state of fluids. 
What are the effects of caloric upon bodies 1 
The general effects of caloric are, to increase the 
bulk of the substances with which it unites, and to 
render them specifically lighter than they were be¬ 
fore ; but in whatever quantity it is accumulated in 
bodies, it never adds to their absolute weight. 
What are the particular effects of caloric on bo¬ 
dies ? 
It favors the solution of salts, and promotes the 
union of many substances. In other cases it serves 
to separate bodies already united,(o) so that in the 
hands of chemists it is the most useful and powerful 
agent we are acquainted with. 
Can you recollect any other particular effect that ca¬ 
loric has upon bodies ? 
• It is the cause of fluidity in all substances which 
are capable of becoming fluid, from the heaviest me¬ 
tal to the lightest gas; 
How does caloric act upon hard bodies to convert them 
into fluids l 
It insinuates itself among their particles, and in¬ 
variably separates them in some measure from each 
other. Thus, ice is converted into water, and by a 
further portion of caloric into steam.(p) 
How are these substances distinguished which are ca¬ 
pable of being thus rendered fluid by caloric ? 
We have reason to believe that every solid sub¬ 
stance on the face of the earth might be converted 
to a fluid, or even a gas, were it submitted to the ac¬ 
tion of a very high temperature, in peculiar circum¬ 
stances. 
You Say the Slin is the grecil source of caloric. ; how 
is caloric transmitted from the sun to us ? 
Caloric is transmitted to us accompanied by light: 
both are perpetually thrown off from that immense 
body with astonishing velocity in every direction. 
if caloric passes with such velocity, how is it retained 
by those substances ivhich receive it ? 
It is retained by its affinity for those bodies, or ra¬ 
ther, their mutual affinity for each other. 
Do bodies in general possess a very strong chemical 
affinity (q) for caloric ? 
No: it is one of the weakest of all known affini¬ 
ties, which is evident from the facility with which 
heated bodies part with their caloric to all surround¬ 
ing bodies. 
Is this universally the case ? 
Yes ; it seems to be one of the laws of nature, that 
heated bodies should give out part of their free calo¬ 
ric to the neighboring bodies at a lower temperature, 
till the whole become of an equal degree of tempera¬ 
ture. 
Give me an instance of the operation of this law of 
nature. 
When the temperature of the atmosphere is re¬ 
duced below 32°, water gives out its superabundant 
caloric by degrees, till at length the cold atmosphere 
robs it of its caloric of fluidity also, and it becomes 
ice. 
If water be changed into ice by parting with its ca¬ 
loric, how comes it to pass that ice swims upon the sur¬ 
face of water ? 
Because, by the change which it undergoes, it be¬ 
comes specifically lighter than the subjacent water. 
Did you not say that all substances become more 
dense by the loss of caloric ? 
They usually do; but the freezing of water is a 
striking exception to this general law of nature, and is 
a memorable instance of the wisdom and provident 
care of the Almighty, when he established the laws 
of the universe. 
NOTES. 
(a) The sensation of heat and cold arises from the ten¬ 
dency which caloric has to diffuse itself equally amongst all 
substances that come in contact with it. If the hand be put 
upon a hot body, part of the caloric leaves the hot body, and 
enters the hand; this produces the sensation of heat. On the 
contrary, if the hand be put upon a cold body, part of the ca¬ 
loric contained in the hand leaves the hand to unite with the 
cold body: this produces the sensation of cold. 
(b) In order to give precision to chemical language, it was 
necessary to find a term to distinguish the matter of heat 
from its effect; for whenever caloric becomes fixed in a body, 
it loses its property of affording heat. Nothing can be more 
evident than t hat caloric may exist in many substances, with¬ 
out producing any of the effects which arise from the agency 
of fire. 
(c) Many of the uses of fire will immediately occur to 
every individual, whenever the importance of this subtle 
fluid is alluded to; though perhaps the wisdom of the Deity, 
in giving the use of it to man only, has not been often no¬ 
ticed. Why has this powerful agent been solely entrusted 
to man ? Why was every fowl of heaven, and every beast 
of the field, impressed with an unconquerable dread of ap¬ 
proaching it? If it were at the disposal of animals, which of 
our possessions, or even of our lives, would be safe for a sin¬ 
gle moment ? 
(d) According to the laws of nature, animal and vegetable 
life are both very much influenced by the temperature in 
which they exist; we therefore find different kinds of vegeta¬ 
bles, and a different race of animals, appropriated to the differ¬ 
ent climates of the earth. 
That caloric is as necessary for the support of vegetable as 
for that of animal life, maybe proved by direct experiment. If, 
in the midst of winter, a hole be bored in a tree, and a thermo¬ 
meter be put into it, it will be seen that the tree is many de¬ 
grees warmer than the atmosphere. 
(e) As evaporation produces cold, condensation always oc¬ 
casions heat; that is, caloric is always evolved from those bo¬ 
dies which have undergone any degree of condensation. In 
one case caloric is absorbed; in the other it is set at liberty. 
By the collision of flint and steel, so much caloric is disen¬ 
gaged, that the metallic particles which are struck off are 
actually melted thereby. This is evident from their being 
always found in a spherical form. 
(f) Instances have occurred where whole forests have 
been burnt down, by fires kindled from the violent friction of 
the branches against each other by the wind. 
(g) Sulphuric acid and water experience this condensation 
by mixture, which is proved by the measure of the fluids, 
before and afterwards, and by the heat that is evolved. If 
four parts of the former be mixed with one of the latter, the 
mixed fluids will quickly acquire a temperature higher than 
that of boiling water. It is necessary to be cautious in mak¬ 
ing this experiment. 
If iron filings and sulphur be mixed into a paste with water, 
a sulphuret of iron will be formed, which decomposes the 
water and absorbs oxygen so rapidly that the mixture takes 
fire, even though it be buried under ground. 
Mixture does not uniformly produce heat. The mixture of 
some substances produces an intense cold. But the cause of 
both effects is easily explained. Whenever substances be¬ 
come more condensed by mixture, heat is evolved; when they 
expand, cold is produced; or, in other words, the compound 
has a greater or less capacity for caloric than the separate in¬ 
gredients. The mixture of crystalized muriate of lime and 
snow produces the greatest degree of cold yet known. 
(h) How the same substance may exist in a body in two 
distinct states, may easily be explained by the familiar ex¬ 
ample of a piece of common bread which has been dipped in 
water. This bread will contain two portions of water very 
distinct; one of them is in a state of combination, and forms 
a constituent part of the bread; the other is only interposed 
between the particles of the bread, and may again be forced 
out by pressure. 
(ij Caloric pervades all bodies; this is not the case with 
any other substance we know of—not even light. It lies hid 
in every thing around us. It is a substance which we are 
ever in want of; it is therefore deposited on every side, and 
is ready for every exigency. 
(j) Caloric, as it penetrates bodies, frequently forms a 
chemical combination with them, and becomes essential to 
their composition. This is always the case when a solid is 
converted to a liquid, or when a liquid passes to a gaseous 
state. But if caloric be superadded to a body when it is in a 
state of saturation, it merely traverses its surface, and passes 
from it, in the form of sensible heat, to s.ome of the adjacent 
bodies. 
(k) The freezing of water and the cooling of melted lead, 
may be adduced as familiar examples of the former; and the 
absorption of caloric in the melting of salts will sufficiently 
exemplify the latter. By the solution of some salts, water 
may be deprived of so large a portion of its caloric as to be 
frozen in the midst of summer. 
When water is poured upon dry pulverized plaster of Paris, 
iri order to form cornices for rooms, great heat is produced by 
the mixture. This is owing to the water giving out its calo¬ 
ric of fluidity as it becomes solidified in the plaster. 
Whenever caloric becomes active, it produces heat; when 
it passes into a latent state, it produces cold. 
(l) Ice has the property of absorbing all the caloric with 
which it comes in contact, and communicates no part of it to 
the surrounding bodies till the whole of the ice is melted: 
therefore the specific caloric of bodies may be easily be calcu¬ 
lated by its means. 
(m) Thermometers are made by putting mercury into small 
glass tubes with bulbs, and heating these bulbs till the mer¬ 
cury boils. This ebullition forces out the air, and the tubes 
are hermetically sealed while the mercury is boiling; which 
preserves the vacuum. They are afterwards graduated by a 
correct scale. 
(nJ The absolute necessity there was for an instrument of 
this kind may be shown by the following simple experiment: 
If the bulb of a thermometer be immersed in a mixture of 
snow and common salt, the mercftry will fall to at least 32° 
below the freezing point of w'ater; and if the instrument be 
then removed from that mixture and put simply into a mass 
of snow, the mercury will be so much heated by the change, 
as to rise 32°; so that snow which appears to the hand to be 
totally devoid of all heat, contains sufficient to raise the ther¬ 
mometer many degrees. 
(o) Caloric also promotes the decomposition of bodies, by 
reason of its counteracting the attraction of cohesion which 
exists in all bodies. 
(p) In India and China the wealthy have their rooms open 
on all sides, the roof being supported on pillars, and the in¬ 
tervals hung with curtains. Servants without doors scatter 
water on these curtains continually; its evaporation absorbs 
a vast deal of heat, and makes the apartments cool and re¬ 
freshing. 
(q) Before a youth can have an accurate idea of chemical 
attraction, the nature of philosophical attraction should be 
explained to him, by means of a magnet and iron filings; by 
globules of water, of mercury, &c. 
“ What do you teach the girl?” asked Maltraverss 
of the school-master. “That God made her,, and 
that he loves good girls, and will watch over them.” 
“What else?” “That the Devil runs away with 
bad girls, and”--“ Stop there : never mind the de¬ 
vil yet awhile. Let her first learn to do good, that 
God may love her; the rest will follow. I would ra¬ 
ther make people religious through their better feel¬ 
ings, than through their worst. We can do without 
the devil at present.”— Bulwer. 
There is nearly always something of nature’s own 
gentility in every young woman, (except, indeed, 
when they get together and fall a giggling.) A vul¬ 
gar boy requires, heaven knows what assiduity, to 
move three steps, I do not say like a gentleman, but 
like a body that has a soul in it; but give the least 
advantage of society or tuition to a peasant girl, and 
a hundred to one, but she will glide into refinement, 
before the boy can make a bow without upsetting the 
table.— lb. 
Moneys received during the last month, in sums office dollars 
and over. The total receipts are included from post-ofiices 
marked with an asterisk.* 
No. Vols. 
Geo. 36 Morton, 
22 
■17 
5 
22 
20 
Augusta, 
"Augusta, N. J. 10 
Belmont, Va. 5 
"Baltimore, Md. 93 
Bennington, Vt. 13 
"Belvidere, N. J. 
"Bladensburg, Md. 
Clinton, Geo. 
Champlain, Clin. 
Clarkstown, Roch. 
"Cambridge, Md. 27 
"CecilloU, “ 17 
Cokesburgh, S. C. 22: 
♦Chicago, Ill- 13 
"Carrolton, 
"Cooperstown, Ots. 
Cartersville, Va. 
Detroit, Mich. 
Deckertown, N. J. 
East Granby, Ct. 
East Bethel, Me. 
Erie, Pa. 
*Fulton, Ono. 
Franklin Centre, Miss. 5 
♦Flushing, Queens, 19 
Gerard, Pa. 5 
Grafton, Vt. 13 
Hillsboro, Va. 5 
* Hagerstown, Md. 19 
Henderson, Ky. 11 
"Hancock, Md. 16 
Hartford, Ky. 5 
"Hartford, Ct. 24 
*Huntington, Suff. 30 
"Johnson’s Springs, Va. 44 
*Knoxville, Tenn. 31 
Kanawha C. H. Va. 10 
"Keene, N. H. 30 
Kingsville, Md. 5 
*Luray, Va. 17 
"Lanark, N. C. 16 
Low Hill, Va. 5 
Lake C. H. Ia. 11 
"Middle Granville, Wash. 18 
"Mendon, 
Massena, St. Law. 
"Meadville, 
Maumee.city, 
Milwood, 
"Norfolk, 
"New-York city, 
5|New-Haven, 
13 Newtown, 
"Nashville, 
No. Vols. 
Mich. 5 
Illi. 24 
5 
Pa. 
O. 
Va. 
11 
7 
11 
“ 36 
136 
Ct. 6 
Ct. 6 
Tenn. 119 
Niagara Falls, Niag. 
"Oak Hill, Gr. 
8 
"New' Brunswick, N. J. 32 
- g 
N. C. 18 
Va. 24 
Ia. 11 
Md. 6 
Md. 60 
Pa. 104 
"Oak Forest, 
"Orange C. H. 
5'Petersburgh, 
5 ! Piscataway, 
11 j* Princess Anne, 
5'*Philadelphia, 
6 Quincy, M- 
5i"Richmond, Richmond, 
9 
31 
12 ♦Richmond, 
Va. 95 
Rockville, Md. 11 
"Shrewsbury, N. J. 42 
Stone Ridge, Uls. 11 
Scull Shoals, Geo. 41 
"Stroudsburgh, Pa. 18 
"Smyrna. Del. 
Sandersfield, 
Sag Harbor, Suff. 
Shawangunk, 
"Steubenville, 
Schoolcraft, 
Springville, 
"Salem, 
"Terrabaute, 
Tamworth, 
"Vincennes, 
West Chautauque 
White Creek, Col. 
Washington city, D. Col. 53 
• • Ill. 6 
Miss. 
N. Y. 
O. 
Mich. 
N. Y. 
Ia. 
II 
N.F. 
Ia. 
, Clin. 
23 
5 
11 
5 
30 
6 
6 
22 
25 
6 
11 
13 
11 
Washington, 
"Warsaw, 
Va. 22 
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