THE CULTIVATOR. 
329 
has been rightly trained: if he has been educated at 
all. If indeed he be a tub, pumped full, of course he 
can hold no more. But if his powers have been awa¬ 
kened ; if he be a spring from the deep mines of know¬ 
ledge, then he will continue to flow on for ever.—- 
Through life he is still improving; and after the body 
shall have ceased to be the vehicle of thought, no 
doubt the mind will continue to expand in knowledge 
and perfection for ever. 
This suggests our third general branch, Moral 
Education; and the first remark we have here is, 
that the two preceding will prove a curse or a bless¬ 
ing ; an injury or a benefit to the individual or society, 
just as this last is successfully attended to or not. 
Every man must see that great physical powers and 
great intellectual vigor, if not under the wholesome 
restraints, and government of sound moral principles, 
must do great mischief. The more power a wicked 
man has, the more dangerous is he. A man who can¬ 
not engrave, is unable to produce counterfeit bank 
notes; and a man who cannot write at all cannot 
sign them. Better far for the forger and for society, 
that he had never learned to write, or even to read. 
Morality is to education what the compass and helm 
are to the steam ship. The hugeness of her mass, 
and the might of her motive power, are the measure 
of her capacity for working ruin, if that might and 
mass are ungovernable. But put man’s physical 
strength and his intellectual force under the proper 
command of a moral helm , and neither can ever be¬ 
come too great for safety. 
Another remark it is well here to throw out. We 
do not place moral education third because of its infe¬ 
riority, nor because of its entire subsequence in order 
of time ; but because the others must precede it in 
part. Physical education necessarily begins first; 
then the intellectual, then moral; but they run toge¬ 
ther from a very early age. They are to a large ex¬ 
tent mutually dependent, for every teacher knows how 
much more successful his labors are with youth whose 
moral principle, like the fly wheel of a powerful en¬ 
gine, regulates his movements. Sole attention to phy¬ 
sical education may produce mammoth strength, but 
it is mere brute mass. Sole attention to intellectual 
education may produce monster fiends, with immense 
heads and no heart. Sole attention to moral educa¬ 
tion is impossible ; for the examination of moral truths 
calls for the exercise of intellectual power ; and there¬ 
fore this department includes both the others. 
Again, morality, as distinct from religion, we do not 
know. Believing ourselves, that there is no boundary 
marked out by the Creator between them, we shall 
not attempt to force nature in violation of her own 
laws. With Washington, we would ask, “ Can it be, 
that Providence has not connected the permanent fe¬ 
licity of a nation with its virtue V’ “And let us with 
caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be 
maintained without religion.” This moral training 
begins almost in the cradle, and ends—we were just 
about to say, at the grave ; but no. It never ends. 
We must think the moral faculties, like the intellec¬ 
tual, capable of interminable expansion. 
Now, for the development of the moral powers, the 
moral government of the family, the school, the state, 
or the church, are chiefly instrumental. And being 
Christians, we suppose the sum of all the great prin¬ 
ciples of moral government is contained in the sacred 
Scriptures. The general truths, therefore, ot the Bi¬ 
ble are highly important and indispensable to the high¬ 
est success of education. No system that excludes 
the fear and reverence which the immortal mind owes 
its Maker, can be fully available for the development 
of its more elevated moral attributes. But whilst we 
consider the successful educator as under imperious 
obligations to use the Christian Scriptures as an in- 
dispensible auxiliary, yet, being ourselves of different 
sects, we are perfectly clear, that the narrow spirit 
which sees excellence only within the precincts of 
sect, is utterly unworthy of the broad foundations on 
which popular education should rest. The Educator 
then, will occupy only general ground in the depart¬ 
ment of morals. It stands committed to the common 
Christianity and the morality of the Bible, and will 
treat of these only so far as may be necessary to the 
public virtue, and to show, as Washington says, that 
“ reason and experience both forbid us to expect that 
natural morality can prevail in exclusion of religious 
principle.” 
Eelative value of Manures. 
[From the Genesee Farmer .] 
Since the great truth in agriculture, that manure 
forms the basis of all successful farming, has been 
more fully developed and better understood, the at¬ 
tention of agriculturists in foreign countries and in 
this, has been directed to the discovery of the most 
efficient articles for this purpose, and the best me¬ 
thods of applying them. So convinced have scienti¬ 
fic, as well as practical men, on this point, become, 
that on their representations, the government of seve¬ 
ral European countries have ordered extensive inves¬ 
tigations to be made, and experiments carefully insti¬ 
tuted, to determine several questions relating to ma¬ 
nures, upon which farmers and experimentalists were 
not entirely agreed. 
The Prussian government, which, in every thing re¬ 
lating to the welfare of the people, in giving them 
every advantage of education, and the benefit of eve¬ 
ry improvement in agriculture, has evidently taken 
the lead, and in conjunction with the Saxon authori¬ 
ties, appointed Professor Hembstadt, of Berlin, to su¬ 
perintend a series of experiments, and publish the re¬ 
sults for the use of the public. The effect which the 
application of night soil and urine had produced on 
the agriculture of Flanders, where they had been 
most extensively used, induced the governments of 
Berlin and Dresden to place under the directions of 
the Professor, the contents of the city drains and cess¬ 
pools, for the purpose of attempting the recovery of 
the barren and light soils in the neighborhood of those 
cities. Thus countenanced, that eminent agricultu¬ 
rist, in conjunction with other learned men and prac¬ 
tical farmers, commenced a series of experiments, 
which were carried on for a number of years, and va¬ 
ried in every possible way, in order to avoid all sources 
of fallacy. The results of the experiments have been 
published by Hembstadt, and have led to extensive 
and successful agricultural improvements. 
Professor Schubler, the writer of the most esteem¬ 
ed, and certainly the most able, Treatise on Agrono- 
mia, or the best method of knowing and treating eve¬ 
ry species of land, since the death of Hembstadt, has 
repeated and added to the experiments of that profes¬ 
sor, obtaining the like results in almost every instance. 
These he has published in a tabular form, which have 
since passed into the hands of all the large practical 
farmers of Germany, and have formed the basis of in¬ 
struction on manuring, in the hands of professors of 
agriculture, whom many of the continental govern¬ 
ments have with great advantage established in insti¬ 
tutions purposely formed to disseminate useful and 
practical truths in the art of farming. From these ta¬ 
bles Dr. Granville, in his report to the Thames Im¬ 
provement Company, in speaking of the immense 
source of agricultural wealth which the sewers of Lon¬ 
don afford, but which is now worse than lost, makes 
the following statement of facts furnished by them. 
If a given quantity of land sown, and without ma¬ 
nure, yields three times the seed employed ; then the 
same quantity of land will produce— 
5 times the quantity sown, when manured with old 
herbage, putrid grass or leaves, garden stuftj &c. 
7 times when manured with cow dung, 
9 times with pigeon’s dung, 
10 times with horse dung, 
12 times with urine, 
12 times with goat’s dung, 
12 times with sheep’s dung, and 
14 times with night soil, or bullock’s blood. Or in 
other words, an acre of land sown with two bush¬ 
els of wheat, without manure, will produce— 
6 bushels, 
10 “ with vegetable manures, 
14 “ with cow dung, 
18 “ with pigeon’s dung, 
20 “ with horse dung, 
24 “ with goat’s dung, 
24 “ with urine, 
24 “ with sheep’s dung, and 
28 “ with night soil, or bullock’s blood. 
But if the land be of such quality as to produce, with¬ 
out manure, 5 times the sown quantity, then the horse 
dung will yield 14, and the night soil 19§ the sown 
quantity; or land that will yield without manure 10 
bushels an acre, manured with horse dung will pro¬ 
duce 28, and with night soil about 39 bushels of wheat 
per acre. 
These results, and multitudes of recorded experi¬ 
ments prove that they in no case vary far from the 
facts, show the immense superiority of night soil, or 
Flemish manure, over any hitherto employed. In ad¬ 
dition, Dr. Granville found that some crops which 
yield large profits, and are so extensively cultivated in 
both Flanders, can only be obtained in abundance, and 
of the finest quality, by employing what may emphati¬ 
cally be termed Flemish manure in the preparation of 
the soil. 
Another important matter in the comparative value 
of manures, and of essential practical interest to the 
farmer, has been established by the same authoritive 
investigations ; and that is, that while night soil has 
produced fourteen times the quantity sown, where 
horse dung has yielded only ten—the proportion of 
the former, or Flemish manure, was, to the horse 
dung employed, only as 1 to 5; so that with one ton 
of the Flemish, a larger produce was obtained than 
with five tons of the best stable manure. 
Dr. Granville has drawn some valuable inferences 
from these truths. 
“ In England a ton of good stable manure sells for 
five shillings. Now an acre of arable land in an ordin¬ 
ary state of cultivation in England ,is manured with 20 
tons of horse or stable manure every 4th year, accord¬ 
ing to Professor Coventry, and consequently entails an 
expenditure of £5 in that year. It then produces ten 
times the quantity of wheat sown. But an acre of the 
same land similarly sown, and manured, with Flemish 
manure, would require only four tons ot it, and which 
at the price we have fixed for it, (12 shillings a ton) 
would oe an expense of £2 8s. It would then produce 
fourteen times the quantity of wheat sown on the acre. 
Supposing the produce of the acre manured with horse 
manure to be 5 quarters of wheat, and to sell for £15, 
that of the acre manured with Flemish manure, will be 
seven quarters, and sell for £21. The result of this 
comparative farming operation, therefore, would be; 
1st, a saving in manure of £2 12s. per acre. 
2d, a surplus produce of 6 00 per acre in money. 
Total in favor of night soil, £8 12s. per acre, 
“Dr. Granville states, that he was assured by Mr, 
Srnet, a great farmer in East Flanders, that a measure 
of wheat land corresponding to an Englsh acre, manur¬ 
ed with Flemish manure, produced last year 7\ sacks 
of wheat of the best quality. The sack contains four 
measures, each weighing 180 pounds of 16 oz. each; 
consequently there grew upon the acre 5,400 pounds of 
wheat, or 90 bushels.” 
The heaviest crop of wheat we have ever known 
produced in this country, was the one for which Mr. 
Blackmore, of this county, received the premium, 64 
bushels per acre. The capabilities of the soil, there¬ 
fore, when put in the best condition, is little under¬ 
stood, or the amount of food an acre can produce, not 
generally known. The science of agriculture is yet 
in its infancy, however venerable and ancient the 
practice may be ; and perhaps in no branch of it is 
our knowledge more defective than m that relating to 
manures. 
Professor Johnson’s Lectures on Botany. 
[From the Farmers 1 Magazine.'] 
After recapitulating some of the topics of the pre¬ 
ceding lectures upon the development of vegetation, 
the learned Professor commenced with remarks upon 
the grasses. These grow in all parts of the world 
promiscuously, and without cultivation, and being 
the principal nutriment of man, their cultivation fol¬ 
lows him in society and his migrations. The Mogul 
and Caucasian races of men subsist upon wheat and 
barley; while rice and millet form the food of the Ne¬ 
gro and Malay, and the tribes of ancient Mexico were 
bounded by the cultivation of maize. The cultivation 
of the earth preceded the improvement of the intel¬ 
lect, and was the herald of civilization. It is remark- 
ble, that we have no direct criterion of the origin of 
many of those grasses met with everywhere in culti¬ 
vation, as none of them are to any extent found wild. 
Some travellers have thought that barley was indigen¬ 
ous to Tartary, rye to Creta, and wheat to Asia; but 
these might have been diffused from some cultivated 
some years previously. Corn is not only the support 
of man, but the grasses are the subsistence of the ani¬ 
mals which form his nutriment. The nutritive qua¬ 
lity of grasses, is principally owing to the sugar which 
they contain, and of which some English grasses 
contain large quantities, but the sugar cane is the 
only grass that is exclusively cultivated for obtaining 
this article for commerce. The grasses are applied 
to a vast variety of important mechanical purposes ; 
they are found in every part of the world, from the 
Poles to the Equator; on the land, as well as float¬ 
ing on the water, and are the universal food of ani¬ 
mals. It has been estimated that the daily consump¬ 
tion of corn in England and Ireland, is, 1,238,096 
bushels of wheat and barley; besides annually, 
100,000 bags of rice, and 450,000,000 lbs. of sugar. 
Besides these may be estimated as the immediate 
products of the grasses, which consumed by animals 
forms the food of man, a quantity of almost incon¬ 
ceivable amount. In London alone, is annually con¬ 
sumed 155,000,000 lbs. of butcher’s meat. Of 
cheese, another production of grass, 11,500 tons are 
annually introduced into London, from Cheshire, 
about 20,000 tons from Warwickshire, besides that 
from several other countries. Of butter, the annual 
consumption is almost 50,000,000 lbs. the produce of 
300,000 cows ; and in London, between 9 and 10,000 
cows are kept for the supply of milk to the inhabi¬ 
tants, which produce an annual supply of about 
30,000 millions of quarts. All these are the imme¬ 
diate products of the grasses. 
Most culinary vegetables belong to the cruciform, 
umbellate, or papilionaceous varieties of plants.— 
The first is so named from four petals forming the 
flower, being disposed in the form of a cross, as in 
the wallflower. It may be remarked, that not a 
single species included in this group is poisonous, 
but that the whole, if not absolutely employed as food, 
are not deleterious. The cabbage, cauliflower, broco- 
li, sea kale, turnip, mustard, and almost all culinary 
vegetables, but spinach, belong to it. 'Another ex¬ 
tensive group, is the umbellifera, so called from the ar¬ 
rangement in umbels, the main flower stalk diverging 
into a number of spokes like an umbrella. Although 
