THE CULTIVATOR. 
162 
when in fact the child only suffers the penalty of just 
and immutable laws which her own pampering has bro¬ 
ken. 
The stomach, like every other organ, requires rest af¬ 
ter the performance of its labor. And yet how every 
mother will tell her dyspeptic son to “ eat little and of¬ 
ten.” Oh, ruinous practice! “ eat little and often”—the 
echo of these words has been the death dirge of thou¬ 
sands. Ah! how does it ring upon the ear of the poor 
dyspeptic, and how does it hasten his progress to that 
grave which he so much dreads! 
The Wealth of a Country depends upon the Far¬ 
mers and Mechanics. 
[From the Maine Farmer .] 
What is wealth? Those things which are convenient 
and necessary to use, and which administer to our wants 
and our comforts. Money alone, cannot therefore, be 
considered as wealth, because if the articles or things 
above mentioned are not to be had, or are not in exist¬ 
ence, a man would be poor indeed, though he were 
loaded with gold and silver. If he were hungry and 
there was no bread to be bought, if he were shivering 
with cold and there were no garments made for sale, his 
gold would be but of little service. It is true, mankind, 
by a common consent, have agreed that gold and silver 
should be the sign or evidence of property,—or in other 
words, the measure of property; and he who has a cer¬ 
tain amount of it, has evidence of so much wealth.— 
He can exchange it for the very things or articles which 
do in fact constitute wealth. 
Thus a man who has a hundred dollars in his pocket 
has the ticket , as it were, to entitle him to enter into the 
possession of an hundred bushels of corn, or a hundred 
yards of cloth, or a hundred acres of wild land,—or a 
yoke of oxen, or a horse and wagon, as the case may be. 
But if these things do not exist, and he needs them, his 
ticket is of no more use, than if he had a ticket to go in¬ 
to a theatre, and it should have been burned down be¬ 
fore he used it. The elements therefore of wealth con¬ 
sists in natural productions, brought together, changed 
and modified by the skill and labor of man ; of the far¬ 
mer and mechanic. Commerce, though necessary and 
honorable, is nothing more than the moving or changing 
of these productions from place to place. It has always 
appeared singular to us, that merchants should consider 
themselves, as too many, far too many of them do, 
above the farmers or the mechanics, merely on account 
of their profession, when they are indeed only the team¬ 
sters, to the others. They are the agents to transport 
their productions hither and thither, as calls may exist 
for them. But to return to the subject. If we are right 
in the position which we have taken, that wealth con¬ 
sists in natural productions changed and wrought upon 
by the labor of man, it follows that the country which 
possesses the most of the elements or materials to work 
upon, such as good soil—abundance of water power— 
forest of timber—quarries of different kinds of stones, 
mines, and beds of different kinds of minerals, fee. &c., 
must have the most natural wealth. It then only re¬ 
quires the hand of industry and skill to put these ma¬ 
terials into shape, and to put them together to form real 
substantial wealth. This is the duty of the farmer and 
mechanic. They are the second creators of wealth.— 
They take the raw materials as it came from the hands 
of the Almighty, and change it by their labor into the 
thousands and tens of thousands of different forms 
which render it useful to man, which make it subservi¬ 
ent to the wants and comforts of human life. The more 
industrious and skilful this class is, the more wealth 
will be accumulated in the country. Bo farmers and me¬ 
chanics consider these things rightly? Are they not too 
apt to think themselves as mere plodders and servants, 
rather than as second to the great first cause in the pro¬ 
duction and increase of w'ealth ? And indeed is there 
not a false standard of respectability too much in use in 
society, and are not the productive classes apt to mea¬ 
sure themselves by it? This standard appears to be 
idleness and a fine coat; and consequently, the more idle 
a man can be, and the finer the dress, the more of a gen¬ 
tleman. Not so. Respectability should consist in an 
improved mind, and skilful and industrious hands.— 
Moral qualifications being equal, he should have the 
most honor, who, by the combination of the efforts of 
his mind and physical powers, has contributed most 
largely to the increase of those things which constitute 
wealth. 
Such an one has done more for the amelioration of so¬ 
ciety, than a thousand unproductive dandies, who loll in 
the shade and wash in Cologne. And society should be¬ 
stow upon such a corresponding meed of honor. 
New Mode of Stacking Grain. 
[From the Farmers' Magazine.'] 
Sin,—The long continuance of rain in this part of the 
country has occasioned many very serious losses in our 
hay crops, and as the weather continues here in a very 
unsettled state, I am apprehensive hill farmers may 
probably suffer considerably in the ensuing corn har¬ 
vest, unless every precaution is taken which prudence 
may dictate. I am therfore induced to intrude on you 
for a small space in your valuable publication, to state 
a practice which farmers in the upper part of the coun¬ 
ty of Cardigan are in the habit of, and without which 
I am convinced they would in the generality ot seasons 
lose a very large portion of their corn. Our hills are 
much more subject to rain than the land in England, I 
therefore do not presume to offer advice to any but those 
who are situate as we are. Our practice in the upper 
part of Cardiganshire is to bind all our corn, spring as 
well as winter crops, and to put them into small mows 
in the field in the shape of a sugar-loaf. We begin each 
mow by placing three sheaves on the stubble, the head 
of each sheaf inclining to the centre of the intended 
mow, and resting on the binding of the sheaf next to it. 
We then build our mow by adding other sheaves, the 
heads of which resting on the three laid as a founda¬ 
tion, gives a position to the but of each succeeding sheaf, 
inclining downward so as to throw off the rain. In this 
manner we proceed until we have added as many 
sheaves as will nearly make a load for the vehicle we 
have (whether cart or wagon) to carry with. We then 
contract the top of the mow to as sharp a pointas possi¬ 
ble, over which we place a reversed sheaf banded close 
to the but, and with a long rod running down through 
it into the top of the mow, spreading the ears of the up¬ 
per sheaf or cap as equally round the mow as we can. 
By this method I have had corn which has stood in the 
field three weeks during continued rain brough home 
without the loss of a single sheaf. I am not sure but 
the above practice may be generally known to hill farm¬ 
ers in different parts of the kingdom, but I am quite 
sure it is not generally practised by them, as I have ve¬ 
ry frequently seen beautiful crops of corn within a few 
miles of me, spoiled by farmers attempting to harvest 
them in the manner of the English farmers. I am, sir, 
your very humble servant. A. C. F. 
18 th July, 1838 
There is one material advantage in the above prac¬ 
tice which should be noticed. We can get up our crop 
into mow between showers, and carry home in similar 
opportunities, without exposing more than one load at a 
time to the weather. 
What has become of Mr. Kimberley’s plan, noticed 
in your magazine for February last, page 89? I am 
fully persuaded it is practicable, and am anxiously look¬ 
ing for the development. 
Horticultural Exhibition. 
The large room in the Stuyvesant Institute, has been 
graced the last three days with very a choice variety of 
fruits and vegetables, sent by contributors to the exhi¬ 
bition of the Horticultural Society of the country on the 
Hudson. This association has only been formed the pre¬ 
sent season, and this is the first attempt to array the 
products of the society before the public. The society 
being yet in its infancy, the exhibition does not, of course, 
embrace the extent and variety of articles that might be 
expected of older and more mature associations, but 
what has been gathered is of rare quality and fine ap¬ 
pearance. 
The garden and nurseries of the Downings, at New- 
burg, have contributed fruits of the finest flavor and size. 
The grapes and plumbs, gages, pears, apples and peaches 
from that place are a beautiful sight, and display a taste 
and culture highly creditable to the cultivators. Not 
less praiseworthy are those of Roe, of Newburgh. The 
black Hamburgh grapes of both these gardens, as well 
as those of J. P. Cushing, at Watertown, near Boston, 
appear to be fine beyond example. The other varieties 
of this fruit are numerous. A kind of pear called Dut¬ 
chess D’Angouleime, produced by E. Vose, of Dorches¬ 
ter, Mass, is very fine in appearance, as well as some 
fruit* from the farm of Judge Buel, of Albany. The 
sickel pears of Mr. Arden, of West Point, are a supe¬ 
rior fruit, excelling, undoubtedly, the vergalu, which 
is falling into neglect. The black Hamburgh grapes of 
Miss Verplanck, Fishkill Landing, raised in the open 
air, are, we think, equal to those of Cushing, under 
glass. The Muscat of Lunel, however, of the last men¬ 
tioned person, presents tempting clusters. 
In the vegetable line, there are numerous parcels, con¬ 
sisting of celery, carrots, parsnips, beets, pumpkins, 
corn, &c. &c. all of course, mammoth productions, and 
raised by the best gardeners in our vicinity. 
Thor burn seems to have monopolized most of the Dah¬ 
lias, of which there are hundreds of every hue, and some 
very rare. 
On the whole, the society has made a good beginning, 
and we hope will thrive in its efforts to increase the taste 
for horticultural pursuits. The valley of the Hudson 
is a field which may be yet cultivated with a certainty 
of its producing fruits which will rival those of the most 
favored climates .—Evening Post. 
Rohan Potatoes .—In our last number, we recorded the 
fact, that friend Orsment, of the United Society, had 
raised one bushel of potatoes from a single tuber. We 
have now to notice, that the Hon. William Clark, Jr. of 
Northampton, raised two bushels and one peck, from one 
Rohan potato .—Yankee Farmer. 
Durham Cattle .—The Lexington Intelligencer of the 
14th September says, there have been two sales of short 
horn Durham cattle in that neighborhood, being the 
stock of Maslin and Samuel Smith, Esqrs. At the sale 
of the latter, a cow and sucking calf sold for $2,100.— 
Another at $1,350—others at $1,100, $1,000, &c. The 
whole stock of Samuel Smith sold for between $20,000 
and $30,000. 
A bold child, who looks you in the face, speaks the 
truth, and shames the devil—that is the stuff of which 
to make men good and brave—aye, and wise men.—• 
Bulwer. 
* This “ some fruit" comprised samples of 86 varieties of 
autumn and winter apples, of known celebrity, and about 20 
varieties of pears.— Cond. 
Expenditures of the Government. 
In the House of Representatives, on Thursday last; 
the Speaker laid before the House a letter from the Se- 
retary of the Treasury, in answer to a resolution of the 
25th June, showing the amounts of expenditure, exclu- 
sive of the public debt, for each year, from 1824 to 1838. 
They are as follows, viz: 
For the year 
1824,. 
..$15,330,444 71 
Do 
1825,.... 
.. 11,490,459 94 
Do 
1826,. 
. 13,062,316 27 
Do 
1827,. 
. 12,653,095 65 
Do 
1828,. 
.. 13,296,041 45 
Do 
1829......... 
.. 12,660,460 62 
Do 
1830,. 
. 13,229,553 33 
Do 
1831,.. 
. 13,864,067 90 
Do 
1832,. 
.. 16,516,388 77 
Do 
1833,. 
. 22,713,755 11 
Do 
1834,. 
. 18,425,417 25 
Do 
1835,.. 
Do 
1836,. 
. 30,868,164 04 
Do 
1837,. 
. 39,164,745 37* 
* This sum is subject to small variation on the settle¬ 
ment of the accounts of the Treasurer. 
Note —The above sums include payments for Trust 
Funds and Indemnities, which, in 1837, were $5,610,404. 
36 .—National Intelligencer of July. 
Sickness in the West.—The Land Sales .—The citizens 
of Northern Indiana have addressed a petition to the 
President of the United States, asking a postponement 
ot the sales of the public lands in that section. They 
give as their reasons for making this request, that 
“there is now prevailing throughout all that section an 
unparalleled epidemic, that is carrying hundreds to their 
graves, and thousands to their sick beds, while their 
erops are rotting in the fields unharvested; amid such 
universal distress that it renders it impossible for the 
settlers to make the necessary exertions to obtain the 
means of purchasing their humble homes.” 
Young Men’s Department. 
Poor Richard’s Almanac. 
The Way to Wealth, as clearly shown in the Preface of 
an old Pennsylvania Almanac, entitled, Poor Richard 
Improved A 
Courteous Reader, —I have heard, that nothing 
gives an author so great pleasure, as to find his works 
respectfully quoted by others. Judge, then, how much 
I must have been gratified by an incident I am going to 
relate to you. I stopped my horse lately, where a great 
number of people were collected, at an auction of mer¬ 
chants goods. The hour of the sale not being come, 
they were conversing on the badness of the times; and 
one of the company called to a plain clean old man, with 
white locks, ‘ Pray, Father Abraham, what think you 
of the times ? Will not these heavy taxes quite ruin the 
country? How shall we ever be able to pay them ? What 
would you advise us to?’—Father Abraham stood up, 
and replied, ‘If you would have my advice, I will give 
it to you in short, “ for a word to the wise is enough,” 
as Poor Richard says.’ They joined in desiring him to 
speak his mind, and gathering round him, he proceeded 
as follows: 
‘Friends,’ says he, ‘ the taxes are, indeed,very heavy 
and, if those laid on by the government were the only 
ones we had to pay, we might more easily discharge 
them; but we have many others, and much more grie¬ 
vous to some of us. We are taxed twice as much by 
our idleness, three times as much by our pride, and four 
times as much by our folly; and from these taxes the 
commissioners cannot ease or deliver us, by allowing an 
abatement. However, let us hearken to good advice, 
and something may be done for us; “God helps them 
that help themselves,” as poor Richard says. 
‘ I. It would be thought a hard government that should 
tax its people one tenth part of their time, to be employ¬ 
ed in its service: but idleness taxes many of us much 
more; sloth, by bringing on diseases, absolutely shor¬ 
tens life. “Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than la¬ 
bor wears, while the used key is always bright,” as 
poor Richard says. “ But dost thou love life, then do 
not squander time, for that is the stuff life is made of,” as i 
poor Richard says. How much more than is necessary 
do we spend in sleep! forgetting, that “ the sleeping fox i 
catches no poultry, and that there will be sleeping! 
enough in the grave,” as poor Richard says. 
“‘ If time be of all things the most precious, wasting ?. 
time must be,” as poor Richard says, “ the greatest pro-' 
digality;” since, as he elsewhere tells us, “lost time is 
never found again; and what we call time enough al-! 
ways proves little enough;” let us then up and be do-1 
ing, and doing to the purpose ; so by diligence shall we;’ 
do more with less perplexity. “Sloth makes all things; 
difficult, but industry all easy; and he that riseth latep 
must trot all day, and shall scarce overtake his business: 
at night; while laziness travels so slowly, that poverty 
soon overtakes him. Drive thy business, let not that 
drive thee; and early to bed, early to rise, makes a man 
healthy, wealthy, and wise,” as poor Richard says. 
* Dr. Franklin for many years published the Pennsylvania 
Almanac, called Poor Richard [Saunders,] and furnished n 
with various sentences and proverbs, which had principal rel 
lation to the topics of “ industry, attention to one’s own bus* 
ness, and frugality.” The whole or chief of these sentence; 
and proverbs he at last collected and digested in the above go 
neral preface, which were read with much avidity and profi 
and perhaps tended more to the formation of a national chi 
racter in America, than any other cause. 
