154 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
Tabular View of the Analyses of Limestones collected during the Geological Survey of 1838. 
I Number. 
Locality. 
Variety. 
Cabonate of 
Lime, per cent. 
Insoluble mat¬ 
ter, per cent. 
Oxyde of Iron, 
per cent. 
Lime, per cent. 
1 
Abbot: Ira Witherum, 
Blue—dull, ... 
74.0 
24.8 
1.2 
41.9 
2 Athens Road, 
Greyish white; crystalline, 
70.4 25.2 
4.4 
39.6 
3 Athens Village, 
Bluish, compact, 
72.6 
2.8 
.... 
40.8 
4 
Bingham, ... 
Reddish brown,dull; micaceous 
—'hard, ... 
42.6 
55.8 
0.6 
24.4 
5 
Carthage: B. Winter, - 
Light grey; granular, contain- 
ing mica, - 
89.8 
8.8 
1.4 
50.4 
6 
Do Mr. Reed, No. 2, 
Reddish white, 
76.2 
23.4 
0.4 
42.8 
7 
Clinton: J. D. Burrell, 
Bluish grey, slaty, 
47.2 
50.4 
2.4 
26.5 
8 
Clinton: L. Brown, 
Bluish, containing slate and py- 
rites, .... 
5.40 
43.0 
3.0 
30.3 
9 
Clinton: A. Brown, - 
Blue, interstratified with thin 
folia of slate, 
76.8 
17.2 
0.6 
43.1 
10 
Dexter: E. Crowell’s, - 
Blue, interstratified with thin 
folia of slate, containing small 
veins of calc, spar, 
90.0 
8.6 
1.4 
50.6 
11 
Dexter: Mr. Fish, - - 
Bluish, mixed with small veins 
of quartz and slate, 
89.2 
9.6 
1.2 
50.1 
12 
Dexter: L. Pullen’s, - 
Bluish, compact; interstratified 
with thin folia of slate, 
78.2.20.0 
1.8 
44.0! 
13 
Dexter: John Puffer, 
Bluish, slaty; compact, - 
84.0 
14.4 
1.6 
47.21 
14 
Dixfield, ... 
Bluish, with crystals of actyno- 
lite, .... 
69.4 
29.2 
1.4 
38.9 
15 
Dover, south side of river, 
Bluish grey; mixed with slate, 
calc, spar and qurtz, 
70.6 
25.4 
4.0 
39.7 
16 
Dixfield: Mr. Holman’s, 
Dark bluish grey, dull; mica- 
ceous, containing small crys- 
tals of actynolite, 
79.6 
20.0 
0.4 
44.7 . 
17 
Dover, ... 
Bluish grey; seams of calc, spar, 
containing slate and quartz, 
70.6 
25.4 
4.0 
39.7 
18 
Farmington, Titcomb’s 
Hill: J. D. Coney’s, 
Dull bluish; mixed with slate, 
88.8 
6.4 
4.8 
49.4 
19 
Farmington Hill: D. J. Co- 
Bluish, slaty; mixed with mica 
ney, 
slate, .... 
84.4 
14.4 
1.2 
47.4 
20 
Forks of Kennebec: Mr. 
silex 
Foster. Recommended Buff-colour; compact, stratified, 
45.4 
27.0 
* 
30.5 
for hydraulic lime, 
JaS.2 
21 
Foxcroft Falls, 
Light blue; containing calc. 
spar, pyrites and slate, 
35.6 
62.0 
2.4 
19.9 
22 
Foxcroft: Cave near river, 
Bluish; interstratified with slate 
containing pyrites, 
48.8 
47.8 
3.4 
27.4 
23 
Guilford: River, 
Dark blue, - - - - 
84.8 
13.8 
1.4 
47.6 
21 
Hampden, - - - - 
Blue, slaty, hard; not good, 
5.0 
93.2 
1.8 
2.8 
25 
Harmony,. 
Bluish, slaty, ... 
61.4 
33.4 
2.2 
33.9 
26 
Industry: on Farmington 
Blue, micaceous, containing 
Road, ..... 
blue calc, spar, 
76.0 
21.2 
2.8 
42.7 
27 
Jay: Mr. Noyes, - - 
White; crystalline, containing 
quartz and actynolite, 
t 
28 
Livermore Falls, - - 
Grey, with numerous crystals 
of actynolite, 
62.8 
34.0 
3.2 
35.3 
29 
Mount Vernon, ... 
Greyish white; granular; nu- 
. 
merous crystals of actynolite, 
mixed with mica slate, 
48.8 
47.0 
4.2,27.4 
31 
New Sharon: J. Bean, 
Blue, mixed with mica slate. 
53.8 
36.0 
10.2 
33.1 
31 
New Sharon: J. Winslow, 
Light blue, micaceous, 
77.0 
20.6 
2.4 
43.3 
32 
New Sharon: S. Tollman, 
Light blue; micaceous, 
88.2 
10.2 
1.6 
49.6 
33 
Norridgewock: S. Sylves- 
ter, ... 
Bluish, mixed with slate, 
88.2 
10.6 
1.2 
49.0 
34 
Norway: W. Parsons, 
Greenish grey, 
51.4 
47.6 
1.0 
28.8 
35 
Norridgewock: A. Wood, 
Dark blue, micaceous, - 
51.2 
48 4 
0.4 
28.7 
36 
Phillips: I. Whitney, 
Granular, stratified with dark 
and light stripes, - 
64.8 
34.4 
0.8 
36.3 
37 
Phillips: E. side Co. Road, 
Greenish grey, compact, 
67.6 
26.8 
5.6 
37.9 
38 
Phillips: I. Whitney, - 
White; granular, 
65.0 
34.6 
0.4 
36.5 
39 
Phillips: W. side Co. Road, 
Greyish white, ... 
5.2 
88-2 
6.0 
2.9 
40 
Poland: N. Bray, 
Greenish white; granular, con- 
taining actynolite, 
43.6 
54.4 
2.0 
24.4 
41 
Rumford Falls, 
Greyish white; crystalline, with 
crystals of actynolite, 
78.0 
20.8 
1.2 
43.9 
42 
Skowhegan Falls, 
Bluish grey, mixed with a little 
slate, - - - - 
52.6 
38.6 
3.8 
32.3 
43 
Strong: Norton’s Mills, 
Containing calc, spar, mixed 
with a little slate, 
90.5 
8.4 
1.0 
50.8 
44‘Temple: I. Varnum, 
Bluish grey, dull, micaceous, 
45 
Thomaston, Beechwood Q. 
containing spots of iron, 
70.2 
28.4 
1.4 
39.5 
hard stone, - - - 
Stratified with blue and grey 
stripes, ... 
55.6 
2.811.2 
31.2 
46 
Turner: S. Davy, - - 
Greyish white; granular; with 
crystals of actynolite, 
74.6 
25.0 
0.4 
42.9 
47 
Turner- Oak Hill, 
Greenish grey; granular, 
40.0 
59.0 
1.0 
23.7 
48 
Union, ... 
Brown; with numerous pieces 
of hornblend, 
9.8 
32.0 
58.2 
5.4 
49 
Waterville: Gen. Robinson 
Bluish, dull, interstratified with 
slate, .... 
47.2 
47.2 
5.6 
26.5 
50 
W. Waterville: Great Falls 
Bluish, interstratified with thin 
folia of slate, 
73.8 
24.8 
1.4 
41.4 
51 
Do Mr. Crowell’s 
Light bluish, interstratified with 
thin folia of slate, 
89.8 
9.0 
1.2 
50.4 
52 
Winslow: James Wall, 
Light bluish grey, with small; 
veins of calc, spar, 
73.8 
24.2 
2.0 
41.4 
53 
Winslow: T. Simpson, 
Light grey, dull, coated with 
. 
slate, .... 
68.4 
31.0 
0.6 
38.4 
54 
Do Mr. Drummond’s 
Blue; interstratified with slate, 
81.8 
16.2 
2.0 
45.9 
55 
Winslow: Mr. Forbur, 
Dark blue, mixed with a little 
1 
slate, .... 
77.8 
20.6 
1.6 
43.7 
56 
Winthrop: J. Richard’s, 
Dark granular, 
78.8 
20.2 
1.0 
44.3 
Remarks. 
Poor, not worth burning for lime. 
for agriculture. [over-burned.^ 
Good; burns easily; liable to slag if 
Poor; burns at red heat; slags; makes 
brown lime. 
Slags at full red heat; makes brown lime; 
rather meagre,but good for agriculture. 
Good; bears full red heat; makes a fair 
lime. 
nearly white lime. 
Good; like the above. 
rood; makes strong lime. [ceding. 
aims at red heat; slags at higher tem¬ 
perature: slakes coarse. 
;urns at a full red heat; slags at white 
heat; makes brown lime. 
Bums solid at a full red heat; slags at 
white heat; good lime. 
Sot so good as the above; makes brown 
lime. 
3ears a full red heat; slags at a white 
heat; makes brown lime. 
Lake the above; but makes a better color¬ 
ed lime; ash grey, white when slaked. 
jrood for hydraulic lime, to be burned at 
red heat. Runs into glass at white 
heat. 
Too poor for lime, but will answer for 
flux to iron ore. 
’oor; good only for flux to iron ore. 
Hood; bears a full red heat; makes white 
lime; will answer for all ordinary uses. 
Turns red in the tire; is not suitable for 
lime. 
Burns at a red heat; slags at a white 
heat; makes a poor brown lime. 
3ood; bears a full red heat; makes a 
brown lime. 
The lime burns white, but is full of 
crystals of actynolite, but will answer 
for agriculture. 
3ears a full red heat. The lime is white, 
but is full of crystals, that make it coarse. 
It will answer for agriculture. 
Bears a full red heat. The lime contains 
brown scales of mica, & is dark brown. 
3ood; makes fair lime, ofabrown colour. 
jrood; less brown than the above. 
Rood; bums solid; slakes well; is light 
brown, but strong. 
Makes a weak lime; slags at full red heat. 
iVeak lime; slags at high red heat. 
Makes good lime; fine, burns a little; 
will slag at a white heat. 
white lime; good for all usual purposes. 
food for agriculture, but is brown co¬ 
loured. 
jiood for lime; makes a good mortar. 
3ums at red heat; slags at higher tem¬ 
perature ; makes light brown lime. 
3urns solid; slakes well; makes good 
white lime for mortar. 
jtood; burns to good lime, but contains 
crystals of actynolite, and is coarse. 
light brown colour; slags at white heat. 
Good; makes light brown lime. 
Good for agriculture; makes brown lime. 
Burns at red heat; slags at higher tem¬ 
perature; makes weak lime. 
Good; burns at full red heat; slags at 
white heat; makes brown lime. 
Good; burns at red heat, and slakes light 
brown. 
Good for lime; burns well at intense red 
heat; makes a solid lime, that slakes 
well, and is full of scales of mica. It 
is strong. 
* Carbonate of iron 2.8 per cent. Silicate of iron and manganese 2.4 per cent. Magnesia 5.0 per cent, 
f Not good—rejected as useless. j Carbonate of magnesia 39.4 per cent. 
[We append the following, from Professor Ducatel, as in¬ 
teresting to a portion of our readers.] 
“ The mode of conducting the operations of the perpetual 
kiln in the state of New-York, in which anthracite is burnt, 
is as follows:—The coal and stone are arranged in alternate 
layers. The first charge is made by constructing a grate over 
the eye with large stones fitted in loosely and sufficiently 
apart, to allow the kindling of the coal, of which a layer is 
first put on: the stone is then lowered down upon it, and pro- 
perly disposed of by hand, and so on alternately with the 
coal, until within eight feet of the top. The kiln is then fir¬ 
ed from below, and at the expiration of four days the whole 
being ignited, more stone and coal are thrown in. The coal 
should not form a complete layer over, or covering to the 
stone, but a little more than fill up the interstices between 
the peices, and care must be had not to allow too much of it 
to settle round the walls, as the heat would destroy them: 
the kiln is then finally dressed off with smaller stone. The 
morning of the next day after this operation, the kiln is 
opened at bottom, and from 90 to 100 bushels are taken out 
to be slaked; this is repeated in the evening, and succes¬ 
sively every morning and evening without interruption.— 
When the materials in the kiln have sunk down to within 
six or eight feet of the top, fresh supplies are added, and this 
is continued indefinitely. 
At Barnegat, as soon as the lime is taken out, it is slaked 
by using two pails of water for about 3 and 1-2 bushels of 
lime; and before being shipped, (for most of this lime is us¬ 
ed for agricultural purposes,) an additional quantity of water 
is thrown over it. One ton of coal, it is supposed, will burn 
over 200 bushels of lime. The lime-burners here are of opi¬ 
nion that the stone may be used indiscriminately, of all si¬ 
zes, but this is an error; the universal practice in Europe be¬ 
ing, to break it down to the size of the fist. 
Wood, charcoal, peat, bituminous coal, and especially 
coke, are also used in perpetual Icilns, and the arrangement 
of materials, as well as the relative proportions of each to be 
employed, will vary according to the nature of both. When 
coal is used, its layers should be thicker in the centre than 
on the sides, in a ratio of difference of 4 to 3. In those kilns 
that are provided with two or more fire-places, choice must 
be made in kindling of that towards which the wind is set¬ 
ting, provided it be not too strong. It is always important to 
try to obtain an equal fire throughout each successive layer, 
—but this is not always easily effected, because it frequently 
happens, that the combustion goes on more rapidly in one 
direction than another, which is partly owing to the layer of 
stone being thicker on the sides, and also less supplied with 
coal. Those parts of the kiln where the fire has become 
checked may be discovered, by remarking that in such pla¬ 
ces the stones are not so discolored by smoke, as where the 
fire is more regular. The lime-burner is then immediately 
to turn his attention to those spots, and with his poker clear 
the impediments to the free circulation of the air. The per¬ 
fect calcination of the inferior layers of stone, is generally 
indicated by a great diminution of smoke, which usually 
takes place when the fire has reached about the three-fourths 
of the height of the kiln. The practice in Europe is then to 
take out all the lime that has been made, (being about two- 
thirds of this same height,) or as high as where pieces of ig¬ 
nited coal are observed intermixed with it. It must be taken 
out with care: for a sudden fall would endanger the result of 
the operation.” 
Agricultural Chemistry. 
BY HENRY R. MADDEN, ESQ. L. R. C. S. EDINBURGH. 
[From the Edinburgh Quarterly Journal of Agriculture.] 
2. Inorganic or Mineral Manures. —In our last we complet¬ 
ed a short sketch of the composition of the animal, vegetable, 
and vegeto-animal manures which compose our division of 
organic manures: we shall, therefore, at once proceed to make 
a similar examination of those substances belonging to the 
mineral kingdom, which farmers are in the habit of employ¬ 
ing for the purpose of enriching their land. 
We have before remarked, that these substances act in a 
manner totally distinct from organic manures, the reason of 
which is obvious, because they cannot be, from their nature 
capable of supplying either of the four elements, viz: carbon, 
oxygen, hydrogen or nitrogen, which, as we have so repeat¬ 
edly stated, form the essential constituents of all plants; we 
must therefore look to other circumstances besides the mere 
nutrition of vegetables, in order to explain the true cause of 
those beneficial effects which, beyond doubt, result from their 
judicious employment. 
The advantages to be gained by the use of mineral manures 
may obviously be either direct or indirect, according to the 
effect which they produce; for example, those substances 
which either alter the texture of the soil, or more especially 
such as supply saline matter to the plants themselves, may be 
said to be directly beneficial; whereas those which merely act 
as chemical agents in hastening the decomposition of the or¬ 
ganic matter existing in the soil, can be said to be benefiting 
the plant in an indirect manner only. It will be impossible, 
however, to form any subdivision of this class of manures, 
upon the above fact, as many of them act in both ways, and 
moreover, the whole subject is as yet involved in so much 
doubt, that we should well deserve the imputation of rashness, 
were we to attempt any classification of these substances 
founded upon their mode of action. The more important 
purely mineral manures are lime, its carbonate, or chalk, its 
sulphate or gypsum, marl, saltpetre, common salt, and kelp. 
Lime. —This is undoubtedly the most important of this class 
of manures, from which circumstance alone it well deserves 
to rank first in the list. Like all great benefits ii has been most 
shamefully abused, but I think that it will be by no means 
difficult to prove that the fault lies entirely with the farmer 
who unfortunately is far too apt to follow example blindiy, in 
place of really examining the principle upon which the prac¬ 
tice is founded, and without which success is alw-ays precari¬ 
ous, and often absolutely impossible. In the subsequent re¬ 
marks which we propose to make upon this class of manures, 
it will be necessary to enter much more fully into practical 
details than we have hitherto done, as the whole success or 
failure of these manures may be said to depend almost entire¬ 
ly upon their mode of application, and I may here premise 
that many of the practical observations which I shall have to 
make, are derived from the excellent, but now rare, pam¬ 
phlet on manures by the justly celebrated Arthur Young. 
