A MONTHLY PUBLICATION, DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE. 
TkNOW OF NO PURSUIT IN WIKCH MORE REAL AND IMPORT ANT SERVICES CAN BE RENDERED TO ANY COUN TRY, THAN BY IMP ROVING ITS AGRICULT U R E 
V Oh. VI. 
NO. 5, WASfflNGTON-ST. ALBANyTn^~N q V EMBER 2Q ? 1839 - 
No. 31. 
T n»>nrn iPo If 
Conducted, by J. BUEL, of Albany. 
TERMS.— One Dollar per annum, to be paid in advance. 
Subscriptions to commence with a volume. 
Special Agents .—Lewis Hill & Co. Richmond, Va._; Dell 
& Entwistle, Alexandria, D. C,; Gideon B. Smith, Baltimore, 
Md. ; Judah Dobson, bookseller, D. Landreith, and M. b. 
Powell, seedsmen, Philadelphia; Israel Post, bookseller, oo 
Bowery, Alex. Smith, seedsman, P. Wakeman, office of the 
American Institute, Broadway, New-York; Hovey & Go. 
Merchants’ Row, Boston; Alex. Walsh, Lansingburgh, and 
Wm. Thorburn, Albany, gratuitous agents; John Thorburn, 
seedsman and general agent, St. Louis, Mo. E. Valentine, 
Johnson’s Springs, Va. See No. 12, vol. v. 
The Cultivator is subject to common newspaper postage. 
TCT Tlie published volumes arc fursale at (lie subscription price, or, 
if bound, the cost of binding added. The bound volumes may be also 
had of our Agents in the principal cities. 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
TO IMPROVE THE SOIL AND THE MIND. 
To our Patrons. 
Being of opinion that the general wish of the public 
is that the Cultivator should be continued, and through 
the instrumentality of the friends of the paper, we 
wrould with great pleasure and satisfaction state, that 
arrangements have been made by which we hope to not 
only extend its circulation and usefulness, but to have 
it continued in the same form and at the same price as 
formerly. Arrangements having been made with Mr. 
Tucker, the present able editor of the Genesee Farmer, 
to discontinue his paper at Rochester and have it conso¬ 
lidated with the Cultivator under the same title at Al¬ 
bany, cannot fail to give to this paper a more wide and 
extensive circulation among subscribers, but will add 
greatly to its correspondents and contributors, thereby 
enhancing the value of the paper as a standard agricul¬ 
tural work of reference, and (we hope) giving general 
satisfaction both to the patrons of the Cultivator and 
Genesee Farmer. 
Under these considerations we would refer our rea¬ 
ders, more particularly our agents, to the prospectus of 
the union of the two papers, which will be found on our 
last page. 
We would inform our subscribers that the last or 
next number of this paper, with the index, &c. will not 
be issued till about the first of January. 
Acknowledgments. 
fjrf» We acknowledge the receipt of the second series 
of the School District Library, from the publishers 
Messrs. Harpers fy Brothers, 82 Cliff street, New-York. 
Their advertisement, with the names of the selection of 
books contained in the series, will be found on our last 
page, to which we would respectfully request the atten¬ 
tion and perusal of our readers. 
The price of the first and second series which are al¬ 
ready published, is twenty dollars each, including a 
case. 
We also acknowledge the receipt of a Native Mul¬ 
berry leaf from H. Weils, Esq. of Oxford, Ohio, mea¬ 
suring six inches across and nine inches in length, as 
large as any of the Morns Multicauius we have seen. 
Mr. W. says he probably could have obtained one larger 
had he selected it before the frost destroyed them. He 
also mentions several varieties, which he says grow 
larger in his garden than the multicauius. He does nut 
give, however, any specific name for them. 
Comparison of the Temperature of October 
1838, and October 1839, 
Deduced f’ om observations made at the Albany Academy. 
Oct. 1838. 
Oct. 1839. 
Temperature of 1st half month 
52.87 
52.83 
Temperature of 2d half month, 
42.46 
50.04 
Temperature of the month, .. 
47.66 
51.43 
Highest degree,... 
75. 
74. 
Lowest degree,. 
23. 
21. 
Monthly range,. 
52. 
53. 
No. clear days,. 
15 
20 
No. cloudy days,. 
16 
11 
No. of days rain fell,. 
11 
5 
No. of days snow fell,. 
2 
Rain gauge, inches,.. 
3.32 
1.35 
Winds —North, (days,) .. 
2 i 
6 
Northeast,. 
2 
4k 
East, ... 
2 
Southeast,... 
1 
n 
South,. 
11 
12 
Southwest,. 
n 
2k 
West,. 
2k 
Northwest, . 
8k 
2h 
II 
A calf of the improved Durham breed, has been rais¬ 
ed by Mr. Winant Younghans, of West Sandlalce, Rens¬ 
selaer Co. which, although but five months old, weighs 
554 lbs. 
Constitution of the New-Yovk State Agricultural 
Society. 
The style of this society shall be “The New-York 
State Agricultural Society;” its objects shall be to im¬ 
prove the condition of agriculture, horticulture and the 
household arts. 
Section 1. The society shall consist of such citizens of 
the state as shall signify in writing their wish to become 
members, and shall pay on subscribing not less than 
one dollar, and annually thereafter not less than two 
dollars, and also of honorary and corresponding mem¬ 
bers. 
The presidents of county agricultural societies, or a 
delegate from each, shall ex-officio be members of this 
society. 
Sec. 2. The officers of the society shall consist of a 
president, four vice-presidents, a recording secretary, a 
corresponding secretary, a treasurer, an executive com¬ 
mittee, to consist of the officers above named and three 
other members, of whom three shall constitute a quo¬ 
rum, and a general committee, the members of which 
shall be located in the several counties, and le equal to 
the representatives in the house of assembly. 
The payment of fifty dollars or more, shall constitute 
a member for life, and shall exempt the donor from an¬ 
nual contributions. 
Sec. 3. The recording secretary shall keep the mi¬ 
nutes of the society. 
The corresponding secretary shall carry on a corres¬ 
pondence with other societies, with individuals, and 
with the general committee, in furtherance of the objects 
of the society. 
The treasurer shall keep the funds of the society, and 
disburse them on the order of the president or a vice- 
president, countersigned by the recording secretary ; 
and shall make a report of the receipts and expendi¬ 
tures at the annual meeting in February. 
The executive committee shall take charge of and dis¬ 
tribute or preserve all seeds, plants, books, models, &c. 
which may be transmitted to the society; and shall also 
have the charge of all communications, designed or cal¬ 
culated for publication, and so far as they may deem 
expedient, shall collect, arrange and publish the same 
in such manner and form as they shall deem best cal¬ 
culated to promote the objects of the society. 
The general committee are charged with the interests 
of the society in the counties in which they shall respec¬ 
tively reside, and will constitute a medium of commu¬ 
nication between the executive committee and the re¬ 
mote members of the society. 
Sec. 4. There shall be an annual meeting of the so¬ 
ciety on the Thursday following the second Tuesday of 
February at the capitol in the city of Albany, at which 
time all the officers shall be elected by a plurality of 
votes and by ballot. Extra meetings may be convoked 
by the executive committee. Fifteen members shall be 
a quorum for the transaction of business. 
Sec. 5. This constitution may be amended by a vote 
of two-thirds of the members attending any annual 
meeting. 
Address of Judge Buel, 
Before the New-Jersey State Agricultural Society, held at 
Princeton , on the 10th of August, 1839. 
Gentlemen :—The short notice I had of your meet¬ 
ing, and of your wish that I should address you on this 
occasion, together with my previous engagements, have 
prevented my being able to give yon any tiling more 
than a brief and imperfect sketch of what it would be 
my wish to state more in detail, and in a less imperfect 
form. 
The earth every where abounds with the elements of 
human happiness and comfort. To man has been con¬ 
signed, by a beneficent Providence, the capacity and 
duty of cultivating the soil, and of rendering these ele¬ 
ments subservient to our wants and our highest enjoy¬ 
ments. And it has been wisely ordained, that our tem¬ 
poral reward shall be in a measure proportioned to the 
fidelity with which we perform our high duties to our¬ 
selves, our fellow-men, and our Creator. The cultiva¬ 
tion of the earth was the primitive employment of man, 
when 
“ Adam delv’d, and Eve spun.” 
It is still the great business among all civilized na¬ 
tions, and particularly so in our country. It ever must 
remain so, as it is alike necessary to our wants, our 
happiness, and our existence, as an independent people. 
All other arts and employments which distinguish civi¬ 
lized life, have grown out of agriculture. They are ne¬ 
cessarily dependent upon it for support and existence. 
If agriculture were to cease, or to withhold her contri¬ 
butions, all other arts, and trades, and professions, 
would fail, the face of the earth would again become a 
wilderness, and man a savage. 
A cursory survey of the present condition of the globe, 
will serve to satisfy us, that nations are' enlightened and 
prosperous, and. I wish I could add, free, in proportion 
to the improved or neglected slate of their agriculture; 
and that the other arts of useful industry prosper or de¬ 
cline, as this parent art is productive or unproductive. 
Spain, Italy, Asia Minor, and Egypt, have, in turn, been 
the granaries, in a measure, of the civilized world.— 
While their agriculture flourished, commerce and the 
arts flourished among them, and they were prosperous 
and powerful. But as the agriculture of these countries 
declined, or was destroyed by the inroads of hostile ar¬ 
mies, by the arbitrary sway of despotic power, or the 
corrupting influence of commercial cupidity and extra¬ 
vagance, the physical and moral energies of these na¬ 
tions were broken down, and they became impotent and 
servile. Some of their once fairest portions have been 
made desert by the violence of man ; commerce and the 
arts have fled to countries where agriculture flourished, 
and their population has degenerated into a miserable 
set of poor, ignorant, enslaved human beings, objects of 
pity and Christian benevolence. 
The intellectual and moral condition of a people, of a 
district, or even of a neighborhood, may also be pretty 
correctly judged of from the condition of its agriculture. 
For if the people are intelligent and wise, this intelli¬ 
gence will soon manifest itself in the improved condi¬ 
tion of the soil—for knowledge is more efficient than 
animal power in the labors of the farm ; in comfortable 
and neat buildings, and in chaste and extensive rural 
embellishments. If they are wise, they will find in ru¬ 
ral labor their natural theatre of action, and the sure 
means of improving their circumstances, and of multi¬ 
plying around them the pleasures and enjoyments of life. 
Where the mental and physical powers arc so happily 
combined and employed upon objects souseful to them¬ 
selves and to society, as those embraced by agricultural 
labor, there is but little inducement—little temptation— 
to immoral habits. But, on the contrary, where agri¬ 
cultural prosperity is most manifest, we are sure to find 
in the inhabitants a strong disposition to maintain a 
healthful state of morals, and to preserve in full vigor 
all the relalive and social virtues which constitute the 
main ingredients in our cup of happiness. An improv¬ 
ed state of agriculture not only promotes intellectual and 
moral improvement, but it tends to lessen the evils of 
pauperism and crime. These are generally the fruits 
of indolent habits, of body or of mind, which agricul¬ 
ture neither encourages nor permits. Although our po¬ 
pulation are five-sixths farmers, they constitute a lean 
minority both in our poor-houses and prisons. While 
they attend to the duties of their station, they are not 
likely either to rob or to beg to procure bread. Scot¬ 
land has but few paupers, and Flanders less. 
I heed not remind this enlightened assembly of the 
important bearing which the condition of our agricul¬ 
ture, and of our agriculturists, has, and ever must have, 
upon our political destinies. The farmers of our coun¬ 
try will be the last class to be corrupted by the bribes 
and blandishments of power—the last class to part with 
republican habits—to degenerate, under the baleful and 
enervating influences of extravagance, dissipation and 
fashion. The higher the condition of agricultural im¬ 
provement, the greater will be the intelligence and inde¬ 
pendence of the agriculturist, and the stronger his in¬ 
clination and his influence in perpetuating the virtues of 
our revolutionary fathers, and in maintaining in their 
parity, the institutions which they established, and in 
defending them by force, if need be, from foreign and 
domestic foes. Cherish, then, this interest, above all 
others. Enlighten it, encourage it, honor and reward it 
—for it is the palladium of your freedom. 
Whether, therefore, we regard agriculture as a neces¬ 
sary branch of industry, indispensable to our wants; as 
a natural employment, adapted to the development 
and useful employment of our physical and mental pow r - 
ers; or in its influence upon the moral, social and poli¬ 
tical aspect of society, we find in it abundant claims to 
our highest regards, and warmest support. 
If w r e look back in history to the first settlement of 
this counlry, we shall recognize, upon our Atlantic bor¬ 
der, a rich and fertile soil, bountiful in the returns which 
it annually made to agricultural labor, and a contented 
and thriving population. If we look at the same coun¬ 
try now, what is its aspect ? Or, rather, what was its 
aspect forty years ago, before the spirit of improved 
husbandry visited our shores—before science had de¬ 
scended to enlighten the husbandmen in the principles 
of his business, and before the example of a better sys¬ 
tem of husbandry had begun to change our practice.— 
Millions of our once fertile acres had been worn out by 
reckless management, and thrown into old fields and 
commons, as unworthy, any longer, of culture; and tens 
of thousands of other acres, possessing equal, and in 
