ARZ-ROUM TO AMASIA, 
329 
At noon we had the usual thunder storm. The surface of the 
mountain is hard, and apparently contains much mineral matter. A 
very elevated chain covered with snow extends before the village ; the 
highest part bearing W. and taking a N. direction. The Kara Sou is 
no longer known by that name at Mama Khatoun , though by the 
description of the country, we recognized it under that of Frat. The 
water at this place has no distinct designation, but is called simply, 
the river of Mama Khatoun. 
On the 24th we proceeded to Kara Colagh , a distance called twelve 
hours, which we performed in ten, and which in road measure may 
be reckoned at thirty-two miles. We travelled for eight hours on a 
bearing ofW. and for the remainder of the stage turned to the N„ 
When we had advanced about six miles and a half, we came to the 
river, which in its earlier progress we had passed as the Kara Sou 9 
but which here, as we suspected at Mama Khatoun , was known as the 
Frat , and was said to flow finally near Maaden Kebhan , into that 
which rises at Diadin. We crossed it over a very good bridge of 
eight arches, constructed altogether of the same materials, and in the 
same style as the buildings at Mama Khatoun. At the distance scarcely 
of a stone’s throw is the confluence of the Frat , and that river which 
flows near Mama Khatoun ; their united waters form a considerable 
stream, following the direction N. to S. 40 W. Near the bridge is the 
village of Manastonr. We traced upwards to the N. for two hours, 
the river which I conceive to be the original parent of the Euphrates^ 
enjoying at every turn new and beautiful pictures of cultivation, and 
woodland. 
At the distance of about twenty miles we came to a large but com¬ 
pletely deserted village, called Moss. Its inhabitants had fled the 
day before to their mountains, from the depredation of the Gourds . 
Near it are very ancient tombs, some placed evidently over the bodies 
of Christians, for among the ornaments on some of the stones is carved 
the cross. One has an Armenian inscription. Here and there are 
collections of very large stones, rudely piled one over the other. On 
V J i 
