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THAUMETOPOEA; PARADRALLIA; ANAPHE. By M. Gaede. 
In spite of their being protected by their nests, the larvae of Anaphe are pursued by birds, since the 
nests serve more for the pupae and are only constructed before the metamorphosis, whilst the larvae assemble 
in so-called ,,specula” from which their processions to the feeding-places set out. As several such families unite 
for jointly spun pouches, these vary accordingly in size, and they may form little bales 10 cm long and 5 cm 
thick, but they may also be half a meter long, 12 cm thick and as heavy as one pound. 
All the Thaumetopoeidae differ but very little in their exterior. The size of the of most species varies 
between 2% and 3y 2 cm, whilst the expanse of the $$ is mostly 4 —6 cm. The smallest species are the palaearctic 
ones, especially Thaumetop. processioned. The colouring is often a dull grey which may turn yellow or lustrous 
silvery white. The marking is extremely plain: either the apical portions of the wings are darkened, or the 
forewing is parted by a dark transverse or oblique stripe. 
Nearly all the species are inclined to propagate in masses at certain intervals and may therefore cause 
considerable damage to cultivation. The fir-woods of Eastern and Southern Europe may often be stripped of 
all their needles, and once I discovered in the Pyrenees on a young pine-tree as many as 14 larval pouches. 
Although it is of rare occurrence that locally confined districts are entirely stripped, yet the larval hairs being- 
distributed through the whole forest may cause great annoyance and molestation. According to Ratzeburg, 
the effect of the burning hairs was observed to be even fatal with workmen employed in extirpating this plague; 
wearisome inflammations, especially of the Conjunctiva and of the pharyngal mucous membranes have been 
often ascertained. According to von Linstow they are caused less by the longer, projecting hairs, than by 
the fragments of the short subuliform hairs provided with secondary stings, falling to a fine dust and being 
blown through the air in the forests attacked by these insects. This apprehension which was first expressed 
by A. H. Nicolai seems to prove true, whereas de Fable’s opinion, that the hams are hollow and filled with 
acidiferous glandular secretions, seems to be a mistake or a generalization with the hairs of Saturniidae etc., 
which has been circulated and even got into the encyclopaedia. 
From the Old World about 75 Thaumetopoeid species with about 100 denominated forms are known 
up to this day; from America there are not yet any certain species described. — As to the Indo-Australian 
forms cf. Voi. 10 , p. 375—380 and pi. 46, 57. 
1. Genus: Thaumetopoea Hbn. 
Palpi short, frons with a swelling. Antennae of $ and 9 strongly pectinate. Eorewing at the costal 
margin straight, interior angle very much rounded. Vein 6 from the upper angle, 7 -|-10 —|-8+9 stalked. In the 
hindwing 3 + 4 and 6 + 7 stalked, 8 close at the cell and connected with it by a bar. Type: processioned L. from 
Europe. The only genuine African species of Thaumetopoea has been discovered relatively late. 
In this genus and the following one vein 5 is normal in both wings. 
a-pologetica. Th. apologetica Strd. (68 a). Thorax dark greyish-brown, abdomen ochreous. Eorewing dark greyish- 
brown with a white oblique band the inner edge of which extends from % of the costal margin, the outer edge 
from +3 of the costal margin vertically to the median vein; below the latter it is removed nearer to the base 
abyssinica. in the shape of a pendent crescent. Hindwing white, margined with grey. Usambara. -— abyssinica Strd. The 
white band only touches the costal margin with its apex and is thereby narrower. Hindwing hardly to the 
centre white, the rest greyish-brown. Fringes of both wings light. 24—28 mm. Addis-Abeba. 
2. Genus: B*ara«SralIia B.-Bak. 
Palpi small. In the forewing veins 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 stalked, 10 absent. In the hindwing veins 3 + 4 on 
a short stalk, 6 + 7 on a long one. Type: rhodesi B.-Bak. 
rhodesi. P. rhodesi B.-Bak. Head and abdomen brownish-ochreous. Thorax straw-coloured. Eorewing straw- 
coloured with a black spot on the centre of the cross-vein. Before it a small orange spot in the cell, a similar 
one close behind it and 2 in the submedian fold below the base of vein 2 . Hindwing without markings, somewhat 
darker. 34 mm. Rhodesia. 
punctigera. P. punctigera Houlst. Body ochreous-brown. Forewing ochreous, at the base dusted with brownish, 
with a black dot on the cross-vein. Interior line as a brownish ochreous spot in the cell and submedian fold. 
Exterior line brownish ochreous, parallel to the distal margin, slightly excurved at veins 4 and 3. Before the 
margin slight brown streaks between the veins, terminating in intense black marginal dots. Hindwing pale 
yellow. $ larger, more yellow, only the black marking present. 34—52 mm. Congo. 
3. Genus: Anaphe Wkr. 
Vein 5 in both wings feeble. Palpi short, proboscis absent. Antennae in and $ strongly pectinate. 
Fore wing at the costal margin straight, the apex rounded. Vein 6 from the upper cell-angle, 7 + 10 + 8 + 9 
