MOUSTERIAN PERIOD 121 
skull are about 5 mm. in thickness, the same as in modern 
skulls of average thickness, whereas in the skulls of 
Neanderthal men in particular and Palaeolithic men in 
general, the vault has a thickness of 8 or 10 mm. The 
brain capacity of the skull is estimated by Professor 
Anthony^ at 1350 c.c, about the same as for modern 
women, but 2 50 c.c. less than the capacity of the La 
Chapelle man's skull. The stature is calculated to have 
been 1*500 m., about 5 feet. 
The four years between 1907 and 191 1 witnessed a 
remarkable series of discoveries of Neanderthal man in 
France. All of them belonged to the Mousterian period. 
Before 1907, several important finds had also been made 
in France. In 1889, a lower jaw was discovered in the 
cave of Malarnaud, in the famous department of Ariege, 
at the foot of the Pyrenees. In 1895, in a cave some 
distance to the west, at Isturitz (Basses-Pyrenees), M. 
I'Abbe Breuil discovered the lower jaw of an individual 
of the Neanderthal race. In the same year as the 
Malarnaud specimen was discovered, M. Piette, who ex- 
plored the Mas d'Azil deposits, found certain fragmentary 
bones of the face in a cave near Gourdan, in the valley 
of the Cean, a southern tributary of the Dordogne. 
The list for France is complete when the discovery of 
three fragments of jaws by M. Favraud, in a Mousterian 
stratum in the department of Charente, is mentioned. 
' The brain is fully described by Professor Anthony. See reference, 
p. 407. 
