NEANDERTHAL MAN IN EUROPE 
123 
Strassburg, had by then established the separate identity of 
the Neanderthal race.^ Anthropologists gradually came 
to see that the Gibraltar skull — hitherto so obscure in 
its nature — was only a variant of the Neanderthal type. 
Further inquiries were made into its history. In 19 10, 
Dr W. H. L. Duckworth- of Cambridge University 
explored the site of Forbes Quarry from which the skull 
came. He found the quarry was situated under the 
northern face of the famous rock — on the side looking 
across the flat tongue of land which joins the rock to 
Spain. Even in 19 10 — sixty-two years after the dis- 
covery of the skull — there could still be seen the remains 
of a cave in the limestone cliffs of the quarry. The 
operations carried out by the quarrymen also exposed a 
section across the debris of chips and blocks which had 
been detached from the face of the cliff and gathered at 
its foot as a cemented mass or breccia. In the floor 
of the cave Dr Duckworth found alternate layers of 
stalagmite and sea-sand, which had to be explored by 
blasting, so strong a cement did the compound form on 
the floor. He found neither fossils nor implements there. 
In other caves, however, he did make an important dis- 
covery — namely, flints worked in the Mousterian manner. 
It was clear the rock had been inhabited in Mousterian 
times. The Gibraltar skull itself carries evidence of 
having come from the floor of such a cave as Dr Duck- 
worth saw at Forbes Quarry : the nose and orbits are 
still choked with a mixture of sand, limestone, and cement, 
similar to the material in the floor of the cave. In the 
cemented matter on the skull there still remain shell 
fragments. After sixty-two years of investigation we 
are now in a position to assign this remarkable document 
— the Gibraltar skull — to its approximate place in time. 
All the skulls of the Neanderthal type have come from 
deposits of Mousterian age ; we may allocate the Gibraltar 
' See Verhand. der anat. Gesellsch., 1901, p. 44; also sec reference, 
p. 157. 
- Journ. Roy. Atithrop. Institute, 191 1, vol. xli. p. 350 ; *• An Account of 
a Second Visit," ibid.., 1912, vol. xlii. p. 515. 
