124 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
Individual to that period now with some degree of 
certainty. 
In spite of the numerous discoveries which have added 
to our knowledge of Neanderthal man, the Gibraltar skull 
still holds a unique place. In no other specimen is the 
base of the skull preserved. The base of the Gibraltar 
skull is remarkably straight and simian in its conforma- 
tion (fig. 54).^ The face, too, is less broken than in any 
other specimen (fig. 46). The nose is most capacious, 
and reminiscent, in the region of the face surrounding 
the nose, of the condition seen in the skulls of gorillas. 
Yet the upper jaw is not projecting or simian ; the face 
is not prognathous. The lower jaw, unfortunately, was 
never found, and a part is missing from the vault of the 
skull, leaving some doubt as to the exact size of the 
brain. On a former occasion I estimated the capacity by 
measuring the more intact half of the skull with millet 
seed, and found the brain space to be just under iiooc.c.^ 
At a subsequent date a brain cast was made of plaster ; 
the cast displaces 1 1 50 c.c. of water. The cast is too flat 
on the vault, and hence a little must be added — perhaps 
50 c.c. — making the brain size about 1200 c.c. Professor 
Sollas and Professor Boule give slightly higher estimates 
— the former giving 1260 c.c, the latter 1296 c.c. The 
brain is smaller than that of any other Neanderthal 
individual so far discovered. The La Quina specimen 
makes the nearest approach, with a capacity of 1367 c.c. 
Very probably, as Professor Sollas has supposed, the 
small brain may indicate that the skull is that of a woman. 
We shall return to some of the most peculiar features of 
the Gibraltar skull in another chapter.^ The fact which 
we note at present is this, that, whether of the Mousterian 
date or of an earlier one, we have in this specimen the 
most definite evidence that the Neanderthal type of man, 
like men of the modern type, was divided into races, the 
1 See the investigations of Professor G. L. Sera, Archivio per TAntro- 
pologia, 1909, vol. xxxix. pp. 5-66. 
- See Ancient Types of Man, 191 1, Harper Brothers ; also Nature, 1910, 
vol. Ixxxiii. p. 88. 
3 See p. 1 56. 
