NEANDERTHAL MAN IN EUROPE 127 
on which the Naulette cave is situated, joins the Meuse at 
Dinant ; fifteen miles further down (northwards) is the 
busy town of Namur ; thirty miles beyond Namur, Liege. 
The little valley in which the party from Liege made their 
famous discovery Mies about eight miles to the east of 
Namur. On the eastern side of the valley is a limestone 
clifF sheltering a cave — the"grotte de Spy." A terrace 
in front of the cave slopes down to the little stream 
which flows southwards along the valley. The skeletons 
of two men of the Neanderthal species were exposed in 
the terrace at a depth of 14 feet. Strata representing 
three different periods of ancient human occupation were 
passed through. The bodies lay on the hearths of the 
third stratum, a layer only 6 inches thick. Lately, Dr 
Rutot " has again examined the evidence relating to the 
antiquity of that stratum, and from the remains of the 
extinct animals, the workmanship of the flints, and also 
a piece of bone used as a human tool, concludes that the 
skeletons are of the same date as the men found at Le 
Moustier, La Chapelle, and at La Quina, with this 
difference, that, in his opinion, the culture accompanying- 
all of them, including the men of Spy, should be assigned 
not to the end of the Mousterian, but to the beginning 
of the Aurignacian age. These Spy men were typical 
representatives of the Neanderthal species, with large, 
robust skulls, holding brains which, in point of size, were 
above the average of the modern European. 
From Belgium we pass northwards to Germany. To 
reach the lower valley of the Rhine, where we propose 
to begin a survey of the discoveries of men of the 
Mousterian period in Germany, we may follow the 
Meuse northwards, or, as will suit our purpose better, 
pass directly to Dusseldorf, situated some sixty miles to 
the north-east of Liege. In the valley of the Dassel, 
which joins the Rhine at Dusseldorf, is situated the 
1 " Le race humaine de Neanderthal." par Julien Fraipont et Max 
Lohest, Archives de Biologic^ 1887, vol. vii. p. 587. 
- " La position reelle des squellettes de Spy," Bullet. Socu'tc Beige de 
Ge'ologie, 1909, vol. xxiii. p. 235. 
