NEANDERTHAL MAN IN EUROPE 131 
what we are now well aware of, that Neanderthal man 
had a large and complex human brain, that he was a skil- 
ful artisan, that he buried his dead and had certain beliefs 
regarding death. If he had known those things he 
would not have written : " The Neanderthal skull is so 
eminently simian ... I am constrained to believe that 
the thoughts and desires which once dwelt within it 
never soared beyond those of the brute." Professor 
King was not prepared to believe that a human brain 
might be wrapped in an ape-like skull, nor that human 
civilisation was so old that since its dawn mankind had 
lived long enough to actually become separated, not 
into distinct races, as we see in the world to-day, but 
into distinct species, of which apparently Neanderthal man 
represents merely one, while all the modern races of 
mankind represent a second. 
The discovery of the Spy men in 1886, so similar in 
all their characters to the prototype found at Neanderthal, 
dissipated the idea which was held by many anatomists 
that the peculiar characters of the Neanderthal cave bones 
were due to the chance incidence of disease or to a dis- 
ordered form of growth. It took sixty years to show 
that King was right and Huxley wrong. The researches 
of Professor Schwalbe, of Professor Klaatsch, and, more 
recently, of Professor Boule, have firmly established King's 
verdict — that Neanderthal man represents a separate 
species. Nor can we doubt, from what has been dis- 
covered in recent years, that the remains discovered in 
the Neanderthal cave belong to the Mousterian period. 
A cave in the same locality yielded the remains of the 
extinct kinds of animals which are usually associated with 
implements of the Mousterian culture. 
When it is remembered that the classical discovery of 
Neanderthal man was made in Germany, it is surprising 
that so few traces of him have been found in that country 
during the intervening half-century. At Taubach, near 
Weimar, a hundred and seventy miles to the east of 
Dosseldorf, there is a deep deposit of the Pleistocene 
period, varying in thickness from 20 to 30 feet. The 
