ANATOMICAL PECULIARITIES 157 
the face as well as of the cranial cavity. If this anterior 
part of the cranial base is bent downwards — towards the 
nose and mouth — as in skulls of the modern type, the 
facial parts are also necessarily bent downwards and 
backwards. The long base, the wide, open pituitary 
angle of the cranial axis, the long compressed form of 
the vault, the straight upper margin of the squama of the 
temporal bone, as seen on the side of the skull (see fig. 53), 
are all characters apparently correlated with a great 
maxillary development. They are also primitive or 
simian features. The essential difference between the 
Neanderthal and the modern types of skull is that the 
first, the Neanderthal, is an extended skull — the cranial 
base is opened out or extended at the pituitary angle. 
In the second or modern type the skull is " flexed " — 
the bending of the cranial axis is increased. 
I have dealt with the Neanderthal skull at some 
length. Every bone of the skeleton has its distinctive 
or specific characters. We have seen that Dr Henri 
Martin was able to identify an astragalus found at La 
Quina as that of a Neanderthal individual. It would 
be impossible to distinguish one modern race from 
another by the discovery of a single astragalus or ankle 
bone. The ribs, too, are peculiarly rounded. Professor 
Schwalbe ^ and Professor Klaatsch ^ have made detailed 
analyses of the peculiar characters of the limb bones. 
Lately, Professor Boule ^ has attempted to restore a 
complete skeleton and give to it a life-like pose. He 
represents Neanderthal man as a loose-limbed fellow 
with an easy, shuffling gait — knee and hip joints slightly 
bent. All the parts of his body are as perfectly adapted 
to the upright posture as those of modern man. I will 
content myself here by merely giving an outline drawing 
of the thigh bone of one of the Spy men — set between 
• " Kritische Besprechung von Boule's Werk IJIiomme fossile de la 
Chapdle-aux -Saints^' Zeitschrift fur Morph. unci Anihrop., 1914, vol. xvi. 
p. 527. 
- Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 1910, vol. i. p. 272. Ergebnisse der 
A?iatomie, 1907, vol. xvii. p. 431. 
^ See reference, p. 117. 
