I90 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
Palaeolithic date I have ever seen. Mr E. T. Newton is 
perfectly familiar with the degree of fossilisation seen 
in bones from the lOO-foot terrace. He and other 
authorities regard their condition as evidence of their 
high antiquity. There are several structural parts which 
indicate a primitive form of man. The skull is thick, 
the vault varying from lo to 12 mm. — altogether an 
exceptional measurement. The eyebrow ridges, although 
of the modern, bipartite form, are yet exceptionally 
pronounced. The middle or supraciliary parts are con- 
tinuous with the lateral or malar parts, as in the most 
uncivilised of modern races. In the lower jaw itself, 
very primitive features are present. 
A drawing of the mandible from the side is seen in 
figs. 63 and 67. The ascending branch or ramus, which 
articulates with the base of the cranium, by means of the 
articular condyle, does not show the sigmoid notch or 
bay usually seen on its upper border. This notch is 
situated in front of the articular condyle, and behind the 
coronoid process to which the chief muscles of mastica- 
tion are attached. In all modern races, in most of 
the late Palaeolithic, and in all Neolithic races, the 
sigmoid notch is deep and well marked. In the Galley 
Hill ascending ramus such a notch is almost absent. 
Its absence is a primitive feature. The joint on the 
base of the skull, for the condyle of the jaw, shows in 
its shape and size the characters seen on the skulls of 
primitive races of the modern type. The ear-hole is 
remarkably large ; the mastoid process behind it, on 
the other hand, is small. The area for the temporal 
muscle, the chief muscle of mastication on the side 
of the skull, is abnormally extensive, indicating large 
muscles of mastication. 
Five teeth remained implanted in the mandible — the 
two premolars and three molars of the left side. The 
other lower teeth — incisors and canine — had dropped from 
their sockets after death. The crowns of the molar teeth 
are worn — not deeply — in the manner seen in the 
dentitions of races living on a crude, vegetarian diet. 
