192 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
worn teeth, are particularly small. The smallness of the 
cavity is due to the fact that it is being rapidly filled up 
by the formation of secondary dentine — Nature's way of 
protecting the sensitive pulp from being exposed, as the 
crown is worn by chewing. In shape of root, as well as 
in size and relative proportion of crown. Galley Hill 
teeth show a primitive human type. We need not, then, 
reject the Galley Hill remains on account of the modernity 
of their structure and characters ; they do show such 
primitive marks as we should expect in an ancient form 
of European. 
Mention has been made of the large muscles of 
mastication. The facial parts of the skull are gone, and 
we cannot measure the size of the palate directly. But 
we can estimate its size by an indirect method. More 
than half of the lower jaw is present ; the .size of the 
arcade, formed by the lower teeth, is known. From the 
lower set we can calculate the form and size of the upper 
set. In this way we reach the conclusion that the area of 
the palate (see p. 97) was between 29 and 30 cm.- — its 
length being 53 mm., its width, 66 or 67 mm. These 
dimensions are not exceptional ; on many modern skulls, 
especially of primitive races, palates of equal or even 
greater dimensions are to be found. 
Why is it, then, that anatomists and geologists have 
been so reluctant to acknowledge the antiquity of the 
Galley Hill remains ? The anatomist turns away from 
this discovery because it reveals no new type of man, 
overlooking the much greater revelation — the high 
antiquity of the modern type of man, the extraordinary 
and unexpected conservancy of the type. The geologist 
regards the remains with suspicion for two reasons — first, 
he has grown up with a belief in the recent origin, not 
only of modern civilisation, but of modern man himself. 
He expects a real anatomical change to mark the passage 
of a long period of time. Further, at a much later date 
than the formation of the 100-foot terrace, a very 
primitive type of man survived in Europe — such a 
type as answers exactly to the evolutionist's expectation 
