234 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
over the mandible Dr Schoetensack recognised twenty- 
four different strata. They fall into three series : (i) 
the uppermost, formed by recent loess (fig. 8i, D), 
a fine earth, a product of floods and drought ; (2) the 
ancient loess (fig. 81, C), a sandy loam, also a deposit 
from muddy waters ; (3) the Mauer sands (fig. 81, A, A, 
B, B). In one of the lower strata of this series the mandible 
was found. In the lower strata, remains of the following 
extinct animals were found: — the lion {Felis leo fossilis\ 
an extinct form of cat, a dog {Canis neschersensis), two 
forms of bear, a species of bison, an early Pleisto- 
cene form of horse, and an early form, of rhinoceros 
{R. etruscus)^ and an elephant {E. antiquus). From this 
fauna, Dr Schoetensack concluded that the Mauer sands 
correspond in date of formation " to the preglacial 
forest beds of Norfolk." If Dr Schoetensack's opinion 
is right, then we ought to find the English contemporary 
of the Heidelberg man in those beds which lie under 
the chalky boulder clay of East Anglia or above the 
Cromer forest beds (see fig. 74, p. 212). 
By a different process of reasoning, M. Rutot reached 
the same conclusion as Dr Schoetensack. The sands at 
Mauer represent a valley deposit corresponding exactly 
to those he has studied in Belgium, both in age and 
in manner of formation. In fig. 81, I reproduce a 
diagrammatic section of the strata in the sand-pit at 
Mauer, as interpreted by M. Rutot. We have seen 
that in the valley deposits of Belgium he has recognised 
three particular strata, representing products of the floods 
which followed each of the three cold phases which fall 
within the Pleistocene perioci. The stratum of recent 
loess, over 1 8 feet in depth — the uppermost of the Mauer 
pit — represents, in M. Rutot's scheme, the debris of the 
last or " Warmien " ice age. The underlying strata of 
ancient loess, over 17 feet in depth, is the product of the 
third or " Rissien " glaciation. Although no traces of 
human culture were found in the stratum of recent 
loess at Mauer, there can be no doubt, for the following 
reasons, that its deposition belongs to the later Palaeolithic 
