236 THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN 
periods. Along the valleys of the Rhine and of the 
Danube the deposits of recent loess are known to yield 
implements belonging to the Aurignacian culture. In 
the same regions, representations of the Mousterian 
period are found under the recent loess, but above the 
ancient loess. The latter deposit corresponds to the 
" limon gris " of Belgium and France, and in that deposit 
occur implements of the Acheulean period. 
Near the middle horizon in the stratified series of 
Mauer sands are thick beds of clay and sandy clay, 
nearly 13 feet in total depth, which M. Rutot identifies 
with the " glaise moseen " (A, A in fig. 81), and regards 
as deposits of the great floods which marked the close of 
the second and greatest of the glaciations (" Mindelien "). 
The mandible lay 10 feet below the clay bed at Mauer. 
In the strata of Belgium, which lie immediately over 
the clay bed, occurs the last of the Eolithic culture, the 
one to which M. Rutot gives the name of " Mesvinien " ; 
In the strata below the clay bed are found M. Rutot's 
" Mafflien " implements. He infers, therefore, that the 
Heidelberg mandible represents a race belonging to the 
" Mafflien " phase of Eolithic culture. The valley 
deposits containing the still older Pleistocene phase — 
the " Reutelien " — are not represented in the Mauer 
deposits. Thus from two different lines of reasoning 
we are led to the conclusion that in the Heidelberg 
mandible we have a fragment of a European belonging 
to a very early stage of the Pleistocene period. 
An important inquiry has now to be made : How 
much can be inferred concerning Homo heidelbergensis^ 
seeing that we know only his lower jaw and his lower 
teeth .? In the first place, the characters of the teetb 
leave us in no doubt as to his race ; he represents, 
beyond all question, a variety — a primitive variety — of 
Neanderthal man. It is strange that we have not found 
a single trace of this race since we parted from the 
deposits of the Mousterian period until now. The 
pre-Mousterian strata have yielded us only remains of 
men of the modern type. Here, however, we come 
